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OS304 > L2 : Drivers of Marine Conservation Policy > Flashcards

L2 : Drivers of Marine Conservation Policy Flashcards

1
Q

Role of MPAs

A
  • protect and restore ecosystems
  • ensure that species and habitats there can thrive and are not threatened or damaged
  • maintain diverse range of marine life, that are resistant to ecosystem changes
  • provide area where public can enjoy a healthy marine environment
  • provide natural areas for scientific study
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2
Q

role of scientist in marine conservation management

A
  • designing suitable survey methods
  • conducting acurate monitoring
  • provide vital data for manages
  • advise on conservation startegy and legislation
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3
Q

an effective conservation strategy depends on …

A
  • strength of scientific understanding
  • data availability and rigour
  • links between scientific understanding and policy
  • SMART objectives (specific measureable assignable realistic timebound)
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4
Q

The Cod Wars

A
  • following WW2 Hull and Grimbsy biggest off-shore fishing fleet in the world
  • 1958 iceland expanded exclusive fishing rights to 12 nautical miles excluding UK boats
  • 1972 Iceland extended their rights out to 50nm (conflict between Royal Navy and Icelandic boats)
  • 1975 Iceland unilaterally increases their claim to 200nm
  • UNCLOS 1982 established EEZ and defined territorial rights
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5
Q

UNCLOS

A

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
~ signed 1982
Drivers include :
- fisheries dispute (codwar)
- risk of escalating military conflict in offshore areas
- integrated management of high seas
- rights to free transit passage in territorial waters
- obligation to protect the marine environment

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6
Q

high seas

A

defined by international law as all parts of the ocean that aren’t included in the exclusive economic zone

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7
Q

Zonation of Coastal Seas (UNCLOS)

A

~ 12 miles offshore = territorial sea
~ 12-200 miles offshore is the exclusive economic zone (EEZ)
~ beyond that is the high sea

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8
Q

Natural England

A

An executive non-departmental public body (NDPB) otherwise known as ‘quango’ (Quasi-Autonomous Non-Government Organisation), sponsored by the government department for Environment, food and rural affairs (DEFRA). NE acts as the governments advisor on the natural environment

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9
Q

DEFRA

A

department for environment, food and rural affairs

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10
Q

NE’s role

A

to support governments wider strategic policies and fulfil the aims and objectives set for us by the secretary of state for environment, food and rural affairs

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11
Q

NE’s responsibilities

A
  • protect wildlife and landscapes
  • advising on protection of the marine environment of inshore waters (0-12 nm)
  • improve public access to coastline
  • managing 140 national nature reserves
  • providing planning advice and wildlife licences through the planning system
  • help restore or recreate wildlife habitats
    providing evidence to help make decisions affecting the natural environment
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12
Q

NE note that specifically, MPAs enable us to:

A
  • protect and restore ecosystems
    ensure species/habitats can thrive and are not threatened or damaged
  • maintain diverse range of marine life (resilient to change)
  • provide areas the public can enjoy healthy marine environment
    provide natural areas for scientific study
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13
Q

CEFAS

A

Centre for Environment fisheries and aquaculture Science

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14
Q

What does CEFAS do?

A
  • ensure safe and sustainable seafood
  • forecasting ecosystem change
  • developing innovative monitoring
  • providing open and transparent evidence
  • supporting sustainable blue growth
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15
Q

CEFAS : ensuring safe and sustainable seafood

A
  • 600 seafood species farmed
  • disease in global farmed shrimp costs $3 bn per year
  • 24/50 UK fish stocks are farmed sustainably
  • in UK import more than we export (SEAFOOD)
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16
Q

CEFAS : supporting Blue Growth

A
  • by 2050 9bn people will live on earth. 50% of whom will be in coastal communities
  • UK marine economy is worth £49 billion
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17
Q

Convention Definition

A

A convention is an international agreement between a number of countries, dealing with a specific subject of common concern. Conventions are legally binding and, having signed, each country follows a process of ratification whereby the means for implementing the provisions of the agreement nationally must be determines. A country which ratifies becomes a ‘contracting party’ to the convention

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18
Q

Bern Convention

A

(European wide convention)
- Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats
- Adopted in Bern, Switzerland, 1982
- Transposed into national law via amendments to the Wildlife and Countryside Act (1981)
- UK meets its obligations by the means of the birds directive and the habitats directive

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19
Q

Bonn Convention

A

(world-wide Convention)
- The convention on the Conservation of migratory species of wild animals (CMS)
- ratifies in 1985
DELIVERED VIA TAXA SPECIFIC AGREEMENTS:
- AEWA
- ASCOBANS
- ACCOBAMS
- ACAP
- EUROBATS

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20
Q

AEWA

A

African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement

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21
Q

ASCOBANS

A

Agreement on the conservation of small cetaceans of the baltic north-east atlantic, Irish and North seas

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22
Q

ACCOBAMS

A

Agreement on the conservation of cetaceans of the black sea, med and contigous Atlantic area

23
Q

ACAP

A

agreement on the conservation of Albatrosses and petrels

24
Q

EUROBATS

A

agreement on the conservation of populations of European bats

25
Q

The OSPAR convention

A
  • the convention for the protection of the marine environment of the North-East atlantic
  • ratified in 1998
  • replaced previous marine pollution conventions (Oslo Convention and Paris convention)
  • responsible for delivering identified ecological quality objectives
  • expected to play a key role to help member states meet the obligations of the EU marine strategy framework directive
26
Q

MSFD

A

marine strategy Framework Directive

27
Q

OSPAR thematic objectives
Objective 1 : Biodiversity and ecosystems

A

The OSPAR Commission’s strategic objective with regard to biodiversity and ecosystems is to halt and prevent by 2020 further loss of biodiversity in the OSPAR maritime area, to protect and conserve ecosystems and to restore, where practicable, marine areas which have been adversely affected.

28
Q

to meet Objective 1. OSPAR will:

A

a. improve the status of threatened/declining species and habitats
b. achieve ecologically coherent network of MPAs
c. aim to ensure effects of human activities and pressures on the marine environment don’t affect species/habitats
d. reduce marine litter in the OSPAR maritime area
e. to keep the introduction of energy so that it doesn’t affect the species/habitats within OSPAR maritime area
f. limit introdcution of non-indigenous species by human activities

29
Q

Ramsar Convention

A
  • convention on wetlands of the international importance esp. as waterfowl habitat
  • ratified in 1975
  • promotes protection and “wise-use” of states wetlands for the purpose of migratory waterfowl species
  • UK highest no. of ramsar sites (but not area)
30
Q

CBD

A

Convention on biological diversity
- instigated by UNEP
- Opened for signature at the UN Rio ‘Earth Summit’ in 1992
- inspired by the growing commitment to sustainable development

31
Q

UNEP

A

United Nations Environment Programme

32
Q

CBD mission statement

A

by 2050 biodiversity is valued, conserved, restored and wisely used, maintaining ecosystem services, sustaining a healthy planet and delivering benefits essential for all people

33
Q

Strategic plan for biodiversity 2011-2020 and the Aichi Targets

A

halt the loss of biodiversity in order to ensure that by 2020 ecosystems are resilient and continue to provide essential services

34
Q

[CBD]
Strategic goal B

A

Strategic Goal B : reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity and promote sustainable use

35
Q

Aichi biodiversity target #6

A

Aichi biodiversity target #6 : by 2020 all fish stocks are managed and harvested sustainably, applying ecosystem based approaches. Fisheries have no significant adverse impacts on threatened species. The impacts from fisheries are within safe ecological limits

36
Q

[CBD]
Aichi biodiversity target #10

A

By 2016 the anthropogenic pressures on coral reefs and other vulnerable ecosystems impacted by climate change or ocean acidification are minimised so as to maintain their integrity and functioning

37
Q

[CBD]
Strategic Goal C

A

Improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic diversity

38
Q

[CBD]
Aichi biodiversity target #11

A

by 2020, 10% of coastal and marine areas, are conserved through effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative and well connected systems

39
Q

[CBD]
Aichi biodiversity target #12

A

By 2020 the extinction of known threatened species has been prevented and their conservation status, particularly of those most in decline has been improved and sustained

40
Q

State of Nature Report (DEFRA)

A

“An assessment based on the best available data indicates that, although progress has been made, the UK will not meet most of the CBD’s 2020 Aichi targets.”

41
Q

COP15

A

COP15 (dec 2022) in Montreal Canada (chaired by China) to agree the next set of decadal targets - working title
“the Post 2020 Biodiversity Framework

42
Q

UNDP

A

United Nations Development Programme

43
Q

SDGs

A

Sustainable Development Goals
(also known as global goals)
adopted by united nations member states in 2015
- the 17 goals are integrated
- pledge to leave no one behind, countries have committed to fast track progress fir those furthest behind first.

44
Q

SDG goal 14

A

Life Below Water
- aim to sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems from pollution
- enhancing conservation and the sustainable use of ocean-based resources through international law will also help mitigate some of the challenges facing our oceans

45
Q

Natura 2000 network

A

The EU habitats directive 1992

46
Q

OSPAR commission

A

establishing an ecologically coherant network of well-managed MPAs in N-E Atlantic (reiterated in EU Marine strategy Framework Directive)

47
Q

Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009

A

establishing a well-managed and ecologically coherent network of MPAs by 2012 [England]

48
Q

‘Nationally rare’

A

marine benthic species in GB were defined as those that occur in 8 or fewer of 1546 10 km x 10 km squares (of the UK national grid’) containing sea, within the 3 mile territorial limit (0.5% of total)

49
Q

‘Nationally Scarce’

A

MArine benthic species in GB were defined as those that occured in 9 to 55 10km x 10km squares, containing sea, within the 3-mile territorial limit (3.5% of total)

50
Q

Marine and Coastal Access Act

A

2009 (England and Wales)
- integrated management via marine conservation zone
- required to meet requirements of OSPAR, CBD and EU
- must contribute to improvement of the marine environment
- must include the range of features present in UK waters

51
Q

MCZs

A

marine conservation zones

52
Q

MMO

A

Marine Management Organisation

53
Q

MMO’s role

A
  • MMO’s responsible for enforcing the general offence of damaging a MCZ
  • MMO has no role in final decisions regarding the MCZ site selection
  • MMO acts as an advisor to the regional projects and stakeholder groups c12
54
Q
A

OS304 (10 decks)

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