L2 : Drivers of Marine Conservation Policy Flashcards
Role of MPAs
- protect and restore ecosystems
- ensure that species and habitats there can thrive and are not threatened or damaged
- maintain diverse range of marine life, that are resistant to ecosystem changes
- provide area where public can enjoy a healthy marine environment
- provide natural areas for scientific study
role of scientist in marine conservation management
- designing suitable survey methods
- conducting acurate monitoring
- provide vital data for manages
- advise on conservation startegy and legislation
an effective conservation strategy depends on …
- strength of scientific understanding
- data availability and rigour
- links between scientific understanding and policy
- SMART objectives (specific measureable assignable realistic timebound)
The Cod Wars
- following WW2 Hull and Grimbsy biggest off-shore fishing fleet in the world
- 1958 iceland expanded exclusive fishing rights to 12 nautical miles excluding UK boats
- 1972 Iceland extended their rights out to 50nm (conflict between Royal Navy and Icelandic boats)
- 1975 Iceland unilaterally increases their claim to 200nm
- UNCLOS 1982 established EEZ and defined territorial rights
UNCLOS
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
~ signed 1982
Drivers include :
- fisheries dispute (codwar)
- risk of escalating military conflict in offshore areas
- integrated management of high seas
- rights to free transit passage in territorial waters
- obligation to protect the marine environment
high seas
defined by international law as all parts of the ocean that aren’t included in the exclusive economic zone
Zonation of Coastal Seas (UNCLOS)
~ 12 miles offshore = territorial sea
~ 12-200 miles offshore is the exclusive economic zone (EEZ)
~ beyond that is the high sea
Natural England
An executive non-departmental public body (NDPB) otherwise known as ‘quango’ (Quasi-Autonomous Non-Government Organisation), sponsored by the government department for Environment, food and rural affairs (DEFRA). NE acts as the governments advisor on the natural environment
DEFRA
department for environment, food and rural affairs
NE’s role
to support governments wider strategic policies and fulfil the aims and objectives set for us by the secretary of state for environment, food and rural affairs
NE’s responsibilities
- protect wildlife and landscapes
- advising on protection of the marine environment of inshore waters (0-12 nm)
- improve public access to coastline
- managing 140 national nature reserves
- providing planning advice and wildlife licences through the planning system
- help restore or recreate wildlife habitats
providing evidence to help make decisions affecting the natural environment
NE note that specifically, MPAs enable us to:
- protect and restore ecosystems
ensure species/habitats can thrive and are not threatened or damaged - maintain diverse range of marine life (resilient to change)
- provide areas the public can enjoy healthy marine environment
provide natural areas for scientific study
CEFAS
Centre for Environment fisheries and aquaculture Science
What does CEFAS do?
- ensure safe and sustainable seafood
- forecasting ecosystem change
- developing innovative monitoring
- providing open and transparent evidence
- supporting sustainable blue growth
CEFAS : ensuring safe and sustainable seafood
- 600 seafood species farmed
- disease in global farmed shrimp costs $3 bn per year
- 24/50 UK fish stocks are farmed sustainably
- in UK import more than we export (SEAFOOD)
CEFAS : supporting Blue Growth
- by 2050 9bn people will live on earth. 50% of whom will be in coastal communities
- UK marine economy is worth £49 billion
Convention Definition
A convention is an international agreement between a number of countries, dealing with a specific subject of common concern. Conventions are legally binding and, having signed, each country follows a process of ratification whereby the means for implementing the provisions of the agreement nationally must be determines. A country which ratifies becomes a ‘contracting party’ to the convention
Bern Convention
(European wide convention)
- Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats
- Adopted in Bern, Switzerland, 1982
- Transposed into national law via amendments to the Wildlife and Countryside Act (1981)
- UK meets its obligations by the means of the birds directive and the habitats directive
Bonn Convention
(world-wide Convention)
- The convention on the Conservation of migratory species of wild animals (CMS)
- ratifies in 1985
DELIVERED VIA TAXA SPECIFIC AGREEMENTS:
- AEWA
- ASCOBANS
- ACCOBAMS
- ACAP
- EUROBATS
AEWA
African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement
ASCOBANS
Agreement on the conservation of small cetaceans of the baltic north-east atlantic, Irish and North seas