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OS304 > L3 : MPA & Harbour porpoises > Flashcards

L3 : MPA & Harbour porpoises Flashcards

1
Q

MPAs

A
  • marine reserves, MCZs, SACs, SPAs
  • ‘no take zones’ 2 in the UK
  • 115 SACs
  • 112 SPAs
  • 97 MCZs
  • 31 Nature conservation MPAs
  • 1 Marine NAtional Park (Plym)
    25% of UK waters
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2
Q

HPMAs

A

Highly protected marine area
- allow the protection and full recovery of the marine ecosystems

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3
Q

International
[MPA legislation]

A
  • CBD (2002) 20% of MPAs by 2020
  • World summit on sustainable development (2004)
  • OSPAR convention
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4
Q

European
[MPA legislation]

A
  • EU biodiversity strategy (impliment of CBD)
  • EU marine strategy Framework directive ecosystem approach
  • EU habitats directive for SACs
  • EU bird directive for SPAs
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5
Q

National
[MPA legislation]

A

UK adopation of European and international legislation
e.g Marine and Coastal Act (2009) for the MCZ implementation under the CBD

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6
Q

Road to ‘30 to 30’

A
  1. focus on conserving the areas that are important for biodiversity
  2. ensure that conservation supports landscape connectivity
    3, Pursue conservation in various regions
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7
Q

MPAs for mobile marine species

A
  • SPAs for birds (mostly colonies)
  • SACs for seals (only haul-outs)
  • SACs for bottlenose dolphins

recent SACs put in place for :
i. harbour porpoise
ii. minke whale and basking sharks
iii. Risso’s dolphins

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8
Q

mobile species : sperm whale

A
  • breed and calves in the tropics (females stay there)
  • Males migrate to highly productive temperate and arctic/antarctic areas to feed
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9
Q

IMMA

A

important marine mammal areas

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10
Q

IMMA criterion

A

A. Species / Population vulnerablilty
B. distribution and abundance
i. small and resident populations
ii. aggregations
C. Key Life Cycle activities
i. reproductive areas
ii. feeding areas
iii. migration routes
D. Special Attributes
i. Distinctiveness
ii. Diversity

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11
Q

representation
[MPA design consideration]

A

representation of all habitats required
- for all life stages needing protected
- for all species needing protection

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12
Q

replication
[MPA design consideration]

A

multiple reserve buffer

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13
Q

Size
[MPA design consideration]

A

Must be as large as the largest dispersal distance (single MPA) … or smaller MPAs within a network

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14
Q

Dispersal/movement patterns
[MPA design consideration]

A
  • important whether a fish, seabird, marine mammal, turtle
  • MPAs can never be big enough for highly mobile species -> network
  • larval dispersal distance and oceanographic controls key for effectiveness fisheries management within MPAs
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15
Q

Source-Sink dynamics / open-closed population
[MPA design consideration]

A
  • net export or import into/out of MPA
  • single reserves need to be sources eg. positive population growth
  • protect a sink -> effort displaced to source to detriment to fishery
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16
Q

threats
[MPA design consideration]

A
  • Gillnetting
  • Intense fishing activity around MPA
  • pollution, habitat degradation, disturbance
  • climate change
17
Q

Data
[MPA design needs]

A
  • on distributions, abundance, movement patterns, habitat prefrences
  • for each stage in the life cycle
18
Q

long term monitoring
[MPA design needs]

A
  • esp. for long-lived species
  • even for shorter-lived species due to environmental fluctuations
19
Q

favourable politics
[MPA design needs]

A
  • how to implement MPA networks across country boundaries?
  • watering down from optimum design by political negotiation
  • to mange MPA and threats
20
Q

Harbour Porpoise

A

(Phocoena phocoena)
main threat : bycatch
- small (small SA to size -> lose heat)
- small energy stores
thus need to stay close to food source and feed often

21
Q

Foraging behaviour
[Harbour Porpoise ]

A

mainly whiting (winter) and sandeels (summer)
- not much info on diet on west coast scotland
- TDRS on porpoise -> flat bottom dives -> foraging on seabed

22
Q

TDRs

A

Time Depth Recorder

23
Q

Habitat preferences
[Harbour Porpoise]

A
  • deeper water of their coastal range
  • Watts and Gaskin (1985) : herring entry points (deep tidal current channels)
  • Johnston et al. (2005) : tidal wakes island (current and tides with topography)
24
Q

Harbour Porpoise conservation policy
[Europe]

A
  • protected under Annex II of the EU habitats directive (92/43/EEC 1992)
  • in 2000 new requirements for Harbour Porpoise
    i. continuing presence of species
    ii. good pop. density
    iii. high ratio of young to adults
25
Q

Harbour Porpoise conservation : Hebrides

A

surveys carries out simultaneously from 7 ships and several planes
- main purpose : estimate abundance of harbour porpoise
- why : high bycatch by fisheries monitor every 10 year
has a high young : adult ratio (10%)

26
Q

SCANS-II

A

Small cetaceans in European Atlantic and North Sea

27
Q

Convnetion of Harbour Porpoise in Hebrides

A

from current data already identified :
i. continuous presence of the species
ii. good pop density
iii. high ratio young to adults during July

28
Q

Survey methods
[Harbour Porpoise Hebrides]

A
  • may-Aug 2003-05
  • standard line-transect
  • sea state equal to/less than 3
  • surveyed at 6 knots
  • visual and acoustic
29
Q

Harbour Porpoise asscoiated with

A

i. areas of low tidal current
ii. spring tides
iii. slack tides

OS304 (10 decks)

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