L8: SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Flashcards
What is social psychology?
The study of how the real or imaginary presence of other people influences our thoughts, feelings and actions.
Who works in the field of social psychologists?
Social psychologists
Can humans survive in isolation?
NO
What is the Fundamental Attribution Error?
The tendency to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the effect of personal disposition
What can impact the FAE?
- culture
- context
- perspective
Foot in the Door Phenomenon?
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
Example of Foot in the Door Phenomenon?
when a friend asks to borrow a small amount of money, then later asks to borrow a large amount
What study supported the Foot in the Door Phenomenon?
-homeowners study
- first put a small sticker in the window
- then obnoxious sign
What is the Door in the Face Effect?
the approach to someone with an un reasonable request, after getting turned down, a follow-up moderate request becomes more acceptable
Example of Door in the Face Effect?
when a friend asks to borrow a larger amount of money, then later asks to borrow a small amount of money
What is the Foot in the Door phenomenon based around?
Compromise
What is Cognitive Dissonance ?
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent
Whats the attitude follow behaviour principle?
We cannot directly control all our feelings but we can influence them by altering our behaviour
Peripheral Route Persausion
uses attention-getting cues to trigger quick emotion-based judgements
Example of Peripheral Route Persausion
Endorsements by famous peoples
Central Route Persuasion
offers evidence and arguments that trigger careful thinking
Example of Central Route Persuasion
support using convincing arguments, like strong stats or ideas
Who’s more susceptible to Central Route Persausion
People who are already compassionate about a particular topic or who are naturally analytic
What is Conformity?
Adjusting our behaviour or thinking to coincide with a group standard to avoid rejection and gain social approval.
What study supported the findings of Conformity?
-Solomon Asch
- Comparative line questions
- researchers’ friends were in on it
- gave the wrong answer on purpose
What are the two types of social influence?
-Normative
-Informational
Normative Social Influence
involves conforming to avoid rejection and gain social approval
Where is Normative Social Influence commonly seen?
in cultures that value group harmony
Informational Social Influence
involves people conforming cause they believe others are correct, occurs in ambiguous situations
Where is Informational Social Influence commonly seen?
- following crowds without fully understanding the situation
- buying a product cause someone you like said to
Examples of Conformity in Everyday Lives:
- clapping
- eating habits
- social media
Pros of Conformity?
- it can promote pro-social behaviours
- ex. influencing people to donate money
Cons of Conformity?
- it can lead it negative outcomes
- ex. engaging in bad behaviour such as bullying
What is obedience?
When an individual complies with a direct command, typically from an authority figure, due to
- the perception of their legitimacy
- fear of consequences
- desire to comply with social norms
What did Stanley Milgram investigate regarding obedience in his study?
- put individuals up to a task that conflicted with their views as instructed by an authoritative figure
-asked individuals to shock learners every time they gave the wrong answer
-despite participants’ pleads they continued to administer shocks ( was an actor)
What is Social Facilitation?
In the presence of others:
-Improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks
-worsened performance on difficult tasks
Example of Social Facilitation
-experts versus amateurs in front of a crowd
- pool players
- home team advantage
Social Loafing
occurs when people exert less effort when working in a group then when there working alone
Examples of Social Loafing
- people exert less energy when clapping in a room with more people
- blindfolded, people tug less hard when told there pulling with a group then alone
What is Deindividulization?
occurs when individuals lose their sense of self-awareness and self restraint in a group situation that fosters arrousal
Examples of Deindividulization:
- mob behaviours
- trolling online on the internet
What social context does social loafing occur in?
group setting
What social context does social facilitation occur in?
individual being observed
What social context does social facilitation occur in?
group setting that encourges arrousal
What is GroupThink?
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternative
What just prejudice essentially translate to?
Pre judgement
3 Ingredients of Prejudice:
-negative emotions
-stereotypes
-discrimination
What is a sterotype?
a generalized belief about a group of people
What is discrimination?
unjustifiable negative behaviour toward a group or its members often based on physical appearance
Implicit Bias vs Explicit Bias
Implicit = automatic associations that can influence individual behaviour/ judgements
Explicit =An influential conscious attitude
How do you measure Implicit Bias?
IAT- implicit associations test
Ingroup vs Outgroup Prejudice
ingroup “us” - people with whom we share a common identity with
outgroup “them” - those perceived as different from ingroup
What is agression?
Any physical or verbal behaviour intended to harm someone
Contributive Factors to Agression
- Biological
- Psychological
- Social- Cultural
Biological Agression
- heredity (twins)
- biochemical factors (testosterone)
-neural factors - (head injuries)
Psychological Aggression
- Dominating behaviour
- Alcohol Ingestion
- Frusturation
- Low self-control
- behaviour rewards
Social Cultural Agression
- deindividualization
- rejection from a group
- violent media
- parent models (lack of father involvement)
3 Areas of Attraction
- Proximity
- Physical Attractiveness
- Similarity.
Attraction- Proximity
geographic closeness provides opportunities to breed linking
What is the more exposure effect?
the tendency for repeated exposure to novel stimuli to increase our liking of them
Attraction - Physical Attractiveness
physical appearance trumps sincerity, intelligence and personality
Attraction- Similarity
-Opposites retract
- the more alike people are the more their liking endures
- we like those who like us
What is passionate love?
An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a romantic relationship
What is Companionate love?
The deep affection and attachment we feel for someone with whom our life is intertwined
- characterized by trust, calmness and stability
What is companionate love and love route in?
- culture ( devoirce rates )
- equity ( financial status, equal benefit between partners )
Whats one of the number one things that studies show foster a good long term healthy relationship?
partners equally share household chores
What is Altruism ?
the unselfish regard for the welfare of others
Bystander effect
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
-opposite of altruism
Diffusion of responsibility
when a person takes less responsibility for something or is less likely to act in a situation, due to the presence of others
Happiness fosters….
helpfulness
Doing good…
feels good
What is a social trap?
refers to a situation where individuals or groups make decisions that seem good in the short term but lead to negative consequences in the long term. I
What is a conflict?
A perceived incompatibility of actions goals or ideas
Example of a social trap:
hoarding toilet paper during the pandemic
What is enemy perceptions?
enemy perceptions are the mental images and beliefs we have about those we consider threats, which can drive behaviour, often escalating tensions and conflicts.
