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PSYCHOLOGY > L6: MEMORY > Flashcards

L6: MEMORY Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do we need memory?

A
  • to retain useful skills
  • to recognize familiar people and places
  • to build a sense of self
  • to build our capacity to use language
  • to learn in general
  • to sustain culture
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2
Q

Why do we need to study memory?

A

-it can help improve your memory
-assists with studying
- assists with day-to-day life
- assists with future career plans

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3
Q

What is Memory?

A

The persistence of learning over time.

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4
Q

What are the 3 things that make it so we know that learning persists? Three R”S

A

Recall
Recognition
Relearning

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5
Q

What is recall?

A

-The retrieving of information that’s not currently in your conscience, but has been learned in some previous time.
- “ fill in the blank”

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6
Q

What is Recognition?

A
  • identifying items previously learned
  • multiple choice questions
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7
Q

What is relearning?

A

-learning something more quickly when you are learning it for a 1st, 2nd, 3rd … time
- studying for a cumulative exam

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8
Q

T/F: Memory is exact.

A

False.

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9
Q

Memory is a ————-, not a ———- of reality.

A

reconstruction, replication

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10
Q

Just because we’re so certain we remembered something correctly ….

A

doesn’t mean we did, our memory is not fully exact.

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11
Q

How does the memory work? What approach is taken?

A

Through the information processing approach.
Approach that mocks a computers functions

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12
Q

3 Phases of the Information Processing Approach

A
  1. Encoding
  2. Storage
  3. Retrieval
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13
Q

Explain steps: encoding, storage and retrieval

A

Encoding = the information gets into the brain in a way that allows it to be stored
Storage- holds or retains the information that came into the system
Retrieval - the getting of the information back out of the brain, reactivating or recalling of information. in a form similar to how it was encoded.

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14
Q

What are the 3 stages in the 3 stage memory model?

A
  1. Sensory memory
  2. Short term memory
  3. Long term memory
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15
Q

What happens during the sensory memory stage?

A

immediate very brief recording of sensory information

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16
Q

What happens at the short term memory stage?

A

-tends to hold a few items before the information is stored or forgotten
- some short-term memories are later moved into long term memory for later retrieval

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17
Q

What happens to the long term memory stage?

A
  • permanently and limitless storehouse
  • includes all of our knowledge, skills and experiences
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18
Q

What is automatic processing ?

A

Information that is processed but un consciously, slips right into the long term memory

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19
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

the memory stage that briefly preserves a relatively exact replica of incoming sensory information

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20
Q

How long does information last in the sensory memory stage?

A

Only a few seconds, and not all the information is absorbed

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21
Q

How long do our sensory memories last?

A
  • depends on the sense
  • sight = 0.5 secs
    -sound = 3-4 secs
  • touch = 1 sec
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22
Q

What’s the function of the working memory in the 3-stage model?

A

-the conscious active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information
- like an active desktop where ur brain processes info, makes sense of it and then makes connection

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23
Q

Is the working memory stage active or passive?

A

Active.

24
Q

What is the concept of central executive ?

A
  • hypothetical manager
  • focuses your attention and pulls information from your LT memory to help u make sense of new info incoming
25
Q

Example of auditory rehearsal ?

A
  • repeating a password or phone number out loud
    -Mentally repeating a persons name
26
Q

Example of Visual Spatial Information?

A

Mentally picturing someone

27
Q

How does out working memory capacity vary?

A

-varies depending on age and other factors
-younger = more capacity + better at multitasking
- older = less

28
Q

How many information bytes can the short term/ working memory retain?

A

5-9 or 7 +_ 2

29
Q

How many digits, letters or words can be remembered according to our working memory theory by George Miller?

A

WITHOUT DISTRACTION
- 7 digits
-6 letters
- 5 words

30
Q

What is chunking?

A
  • A processing strategy
    -organizing items into familiar manageable units
31
Q

What is Mnemonics?

A
  • A processing strategy
  • memory aids, especially ones that use vivid imagery
  • example = acronyms
32
Q

What is Hierarchies/ Categories ?

A
  • A processing strategy
  • branching set of.categories and sub categories
33
Q

Provide a real-life example as to why were are better at visualizing concrete words then broad ones.

A

-Pictionary
- draw a bird v.s morality

34
Q

What does effortful learning require.

A

rehearsal or repetition

35
Q

Does the long term memory storage of the brain get full? Why or why not?

A
  • no it doesn’t get full unlimited capacity storage
  • instead, the neuro networks just get more intertwined and interconnected causing overlapping
36
Q

What two levels are included in our dual-track memory?

A

Effortful processing
Automatic processing

37
Q

Effortful processing VS
Automatic processing

A

Effortful- conscious process that occurs for explicit memories
Automatic- when information skips over our encoding and the automatic processing occurs without our knowledge - unconscious process

38
Q

What types of memories does effortful vs automatic processing produce ?

A

Effortful= declarative memories
Automatic = non declarative memories

39
Q

What parts of the brain are used for our dual track memory systems?

A

Effortful uses hippocampus and frontal lobes
Automatic uses cerebellum and basal ganglia

40
Q

Define retrieval.

A

retrieval refers to getting information out of the memory storage?

41
Q

Whats a study that shows recognition seems to be more efficient in contrast with recalling?

A

research shows people are better at recognizing photos of previous highschool classmates then recalling there actual names

42
Q

Whats an example of context effects?

A

Scuba divers recall more words underwater if they learned the list underwater, while they recall more words on land if they learned that list on land

43
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

the tendency to have better recall for the last and first items on a list

44
Q

Recency Effect

A

when given a list and immediately asked to recall it , its likely the last of the list was recalled

45
Q

Primacy Effect

A

-recall after a time delay
- we tend to recall the first items on a list better
- because the words may have reached long term memory at this point

46
Q

The primary effect has been directly linked to ones…..

A

IQ

47
Q

How could you manipulate the recency effect?

A

by creating a distracting task near the end of the list

48
Q

What is a flashbulb memorie?

A

vivid and lasting images are associated with surprising or emotional events

example: 9/11

49
Q

Whats the significant thing about flashbulb memories ?

A

They feel more accurate than other memories

50
Q

Are flashbulb memories more accurate then normal memories ?

A

even tho they feel like it no

51
Q

2 main memory construction errors?

A
  1. misinformation effect
  2. Source Amnesia
52
Q

Misinformation effect

A

when we incorporate misleading info into ones memory of an event

53
Q

Source Amnesia

A

when we attribute the wrong source of an event we have expirenced , read about or imagined

ex. we may think our dreams may of happened

54
Q

How does Emma Loftus explain the memory as?

A

a Wikipedia can be changed easily by yourself but equally by other people

55
Q
A

PSYCHOLOGY (6 decks)

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