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5BBA2040 Psychology I > L8: Imitiation in Social Interaction > Flashcards

L8: Imitiation in Social Interaction Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe what is meant by perception

A
  • refers to the process of recognizing, interpreting, & making sense of sensory info from environment
  • involves using sensory organs like eyes, ears, and skin to gather information about the surrounding world
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2
Q

Describe what is meant by action

A
  • refers to the physical movements/behaviours that individuals engage in response to the perceived info
  • it is the observable response/motor output produced based on the sensory input received through perception
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3
Q

What is automatic imitation?

A
  • the phenomenon where individuals unconsciously mimic the actions of others without deliberate intention
  • occurs spontaneously & is believed to be driven by the brain’s mirror neuron system
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4
Q

What are mirror neurons, and how do they relate to automatic imitation?

A
  • specialized brain cells that fire both when an individual performs an action and when they observe someone else performing the same action
  • they play a crucial role in automatic imitation, as their activation leads to the replication of observed actions in the imitator’s own motor system
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5
Q

Why is imitation important in social interaction?

A
  • allows individuals to learn social norms, cultural practices, and appropriate behaviours
  • promotes social cohesion & cooperation by facilitating transmission of knowledge & skills from one person to another
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6
Q

How does imitation contribute to language development?

A
  • plays a significant role in language development, as young children imitate the sounds & words they hear from others
  • process helps them acquire language fluency and learn the structure and vocabulary of their native language
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7
Q

What is the role of perception and action in understanding others’ emotions?

A
  • perception & action processes contribute to social cognition and empathy by allowing individuals to perceive facial expressions, body language, and vocal cues
  • understanding these cues helps individuals interpret and respond to others’ feelings and intentions - fostering better interpersonal relationships
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8
Q

How do perception and action processes contribute to learning through observation?

A
  • observing others’ actions & consequences they experience, individuals can learn from their observations and apply that knowledge in their decision-making and behaviour
  • perception and action are fundamental in observational learning and social learning processes
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9
Q

what is cover-motor activation?

A

refers to the unconscious or automatic mimicry of others’ actions

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10
Q

How does imitation impact joint action in competitive and cooperative settings?

A
  • imitation affects how people work together in competitive & cooperative situations
  • researchers study how people unconsciously mimic each other’s actions to understand social dynamics during collaboration & competition
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11
Q

How are behavioural and electrophysiological methods used to study imitation?

A
  • behavioural methods observe and measure overt actions during imitation tasks
  • electrophysiological methods (like EEG and EMG) study brain and muscle activity related to imitation
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12
Q

Where does imitation provide support in human life?

A
  • helps in learning new skills, language, and social behaviours, fosters empathy and positive relationships, and enables the transmission of cultural knowledge
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13
Q

Where can imitation be hindering in human life?

A
  • In risky situations, imitation can lead to unwise behavior
  • excessive imitation in competitive settings may hinder creativity
  • on social media, imitation of unrealistic standards can negatively affect self-image
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14
Q

How to identify key arguments in novel literature?

A
  • Identify the main thesis/central claim of the work
  • Look for supporting evidence and examples
  • Consider the author’s perspective and writing style
  • Take notes while reading to track key arguments and their implications
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15
Q

What is automatic imitation?

A
  • the phenomenon where observing someone perform an action activates areas in our motor cortex associated with performing the same action
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16
Q

What is direct perception-action link?

A
  • refers to the connection between observing an action and the activation of the corresponding motor areas in the brain, enabling covert motor activation or automatic imitation
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17
Q

How is automatic imitation measured?

A
  • commonly measured using Stimulus Response Compatibility (SRC)
  • In this task, participants observe an action and are prompted to imitate the same or a different action
  • difference in response time between congruent and incongruent trials is taken as the measure of automatic imitation
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18
Q

What is the Stimulus Response Compatibility (SRC) task used for?

A
  • used to measure automatic imitation in social interaction
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19
Q

How is the SRC task conducted?

A
  • participants observe an action and are instructed to either imitate the observed action (congruent trial) or perform a different action (incongruent trial)
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20
Q

What is measured in the SRC task to assess automatic imitation?

A
  • difference in response time (RT) between congruent and incongruent trials is measured to assess automatic imitation
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21
Q

Explain the response time (RT) difference in congruent and incongruent trials

A
  • congruent trials: where the observed and performed actions match - responses are faster due to the prepared motor activation
  • incongruent trials: where the observed and performed actions differ - responses are slower & more error-prone as a new motor plan must be generated & executed
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22
Q

What does the difference in response time indicate in the SRC task?

A
  • difference in response time between congruent & incongruent trials serves as measure of automatic imitation - indicating how covert motor activation prepares individuals to perform same action as observed
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23
Q

What are the social functions of imitation?

A
  1. Rapport building: Imitating others can help establish a connection with them, promoting social bonding & affiliation
  2. Overcoming ostracism: Imitation can be used as a strategy to overcome feelings of exclusion & social rejection, helping individuals feel included and accepted
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24
Q

What is the social function of imitation related to rapport building?

A
  • Imitation facilitates rapport building
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25
Q

Discuss the methods & results of Chartrand and Lakin (2013) study

A
  • Method: Participants engaged in a conversation with a confederate who either subtly mimicked their gestures and movements (imitation condition) or did not mimic them (non-imitation condition).

Results: Participants in the imitation condition reported feeling a stronger sense of connection and liking towards the confederate compared to those in the non-imitation conditio

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26
Q

Discuss the indications of the results of the Chartrand and Lakin (2013) study

A
  • study indicates that subtle imitation in social interaction leads to a stronger sense of connection and liking between individuals
  • finding supports the idea that imitation plays a role in building rapport and fostering positive social interactions
27
Q

What is the social function of imitation related to overcoming ostracism?

A
  • Imitation helps in overcoming ostracism
28
Q

Discuss the methods & results of Lakin et al. (2008) study

A
  • Method: Participants played a ball-tossing game with 2 other players. In the ostracism condition, the other players excluded the participant from the game by not passing the ball to them. In the imitation condition, one of the players imitated the participant’s movements during the game.

Results: Participants in the imitation condition reported feeling less excluded and socially isolated compared to those in the ostracism condition
- Participants who experienced imitation during the ball-tossing game reported feeling less excluded and socially isolated (compared to ostracism condition)

29
Q

What does the study by Lakin et al. (2008) indicate about imitation in social interaction?

A
  • study indicates that imitation in social interaction can mitigate feelings of exclusion and social isolation
  • finding suggests that imitation may have a positive impact on individuals’ feelings of belongingness and acceptance in social settings
30
Q

How is automatic imitation commonly measured?

A

Automatic imitation is commonly measured using the Stimulus Response Compatibility (SRC) task

31
Q

What are some social and learning implications of imitation and perception-action link?

A

Imitation and the perception-action link play crucial roles in various human interactions and learning processes

32
Q

What are the social implications of imitation in social interaction?

A
  • Imitation helps in building rapport and reducing social exclusion and ostracism.
33
Q

What are the learning implications of the perception-action link?

A
  • facilitates observational learning and the acquisition of new skills through imitation
34
Q

How has the classical view described the relationship between action perception and action production?

A
  • suggests that action perception and action production are distinct processes,
  • with no involvement of production mechanisms in perception
35
Q

What does the contemporary view propose regarding action perception and action production?

A
  • proposes that action perception can utilize production mechanisms, allowing a different pathway to derive or predict the actor’s intentions, especially in rapid or unclear actions
36
Q

What are the social functions of imitation?

A
  • Include rapport building and overcoming ostracism, which enhance social connection and reduce social exclusion
37
Q

What is the STORM model?

A
  • the Social Top-down Response Modulation model proposed by Wang & Hamilton (2011) to explain how imitation is influenced by social cognition
38
Q

How does the STORM model explain imitation?

A
  • suggests that imitation is modulated by social factors, with social facilitation promoting imitation in positive social interactions, and social inhibition reducing imitation in less favorable social contexts
39
Q

What is social facilitation in the STORM model?

A
  • refers to the process where individuals are more likely to imitate others when they perceive a higher social status or rapport with that person
40
Q

What is social inhibition in the STORM model?

A
  • occurs when individuals are less likely to imitate others when they perceive a lower social status or weaker rapport with that person
41
Q

What was the purpose of the study conducted by Wang & Hamilton (2011)?

A
  • investigate how direct and averted gaze of an imitation target influences imitation and social rapport
42
Q

What was the method used in Wang & Hamilton’s study?

A
  • Participants completed trials where they imitated a target’s actions with either direct or averted gaze
43
Q

What are congruent stimuli in the context of Wang & Hamilton’s study? What does the term “facilitation” mean in the context of the study?

A
  • stimuli that matched the observed action of the target
  • “facilitation” = Faster and more accurate responses to congruent stimuli due to social factor
44
Q

What did the results of the study suggest regarding direct gaze and imitation?

A
  • Direct gaze increased facilitation for congruent stimuli, supporting the STORM model
45
Q

what are motor systems in imitation in social interaction?

A

-refers to the neural networks and brain regions involved in both producing and perceiving actions

46
Q

why does motor systems play a crucial role during imitation in social interaction?

A

-allows individuals to observe and mimic others’ actions and gestures

47
Q

What predictions can be made if the motor system is involved in predicting upcoming actions?

A
  • If motor system used for prediction - then when prevented from being used, predictions should be less accurate
  • imitation should improve comprehension of difficult-to-understand actions
  • however: competitive environment where a contrasting response is needed (e.g., rock-paper-scissors), automatic imitation may hamper performance
48
Q

How did Mulligan, Lohse & Hodges (2016) study the impact of occupying the motor system on prediction accuracy?

A
  • Mulligan, Lohse & Hodges (2016) conducted a study with participants (n = 24) split into two groups based on their expertise in darts
  • asked to predict where dart would land on dartboard after watching a video clip
  • trials divided into four conditions: Control (visuospatial rotation task), Tone (tone monitoring), Force (force-production task) & Mimic (hold a dart and mimic the thrower)
  • results showed that occupying motor system reduced prediction accuracy, particularly for experienced players
49
Q

What did Adank, Rueschemeyer, & Bekkering (2013) investigate regarding imitation and speech comprehension?

A
  • examined whether imitating non-familiar accent would result in increased brain activation in areas related to speech perception & production
  • wanted to see if imitating a non-native accent improves comprehension
50
Q

What were the results of Adank, Rueschemeyer, & Bekkering’s (2013) study on imitation and speech perception and production areas in the brain?

A
  • results showed that imitating the non-native accent increased brain activation in areas such as the left inferior frontal gyrus, left superior temporal sulcus, and supplementary motor area
  • suggests that imitating a non-native accent enhances neural activity in speech perception and production regions
51
Q

What did Cook et al. (2012) study to explore the unintentional nature of automatic imitation?

A
  • conducted a study using the Rock-Paper-Scissors game to investigate scenarios where imitation is a problem
  • explored whether automatic imitation occurs unintentionally - even when it may negatively impact performance
52
Q

What were the results of Cook et al.’s (2012) study on imitation during the Rock-Paper-Scissors game?

A
  • results indicated that there were significantly more draws than expected in the blind-sighted condition, where one player was blindfolded
  • suggests that automatic imitation occurred unintentionally, even when it hurt performance
53
Q

How do interactions between our perceptual and production systems support social interaction?

A
  • through processes like speech, joint action, and prediction
  • perception and action are closely linked, allowing us to understand others’ actions and intentions
54
Q

Which theory, simulation or imitation, is considered more robust based on experimental data?

A
  • simulation theory is considered more robust based on experimental data
  • it suggests that imitation occurs automatically as part of prediction processes
  • stimulation accounts propose that imitation facilitates muscle activity and helps us predict others’ actions in real time
55
Q

Can imitation be controlled in social interactions?

A

imitation may occur automatically and unintentionally in certain situations

56
Q

What is the core claim of simulation accounts regarding action perception and action production?

A
  • that during both action perception and action production, speaker and listener utilize the same mechanisms
  • leading to shared neural activation or alignment across individuals
57
Q

How does automatic imitation in speech provide evidence for activation of production mechanisms in perception?

A
  • Automatic imitation in speech, such as perceiving phonological elements like “th,” suggests activation of production mechanisms during action perception
  • this activation allows us to compute representations that aid in predicting what we are about to perceive
58
Q

What is a “forward model” in the context of prediction in speech?

A
  • refers to a prediction of what will come up in speech perception
  • allows us to anticipate likely completions based on our past experiences and knowledge of language rules
59
Q

How did Silbert et al. (2014) study inter-speaker alignment during language perception and production?

A
  • Silbert et al. (2014) conducted a study where a speaker produced a narrative in the scanner and then precisely reproduced it multiple times
  • Professional actors were also recruited to learn and perform the narrative
  • study aimed to capture both perception and production networks in different sets of subjects
60
Q

What were the findings of Silbert et al.’s (2014) study on spatial overlap between different speakers producing the same narrative?

A
  • Silbert et al. (2014) found reliable overlap between speakers in various brain regions, including the motor cortex, bilateral Temporal Parietal Junction (TPJ), Middle Temporal Gyrus (MTG), and others
  • this high spatial overlap suggests alignment in the neural systems involved in speech production
61
Q

What regions of the brain showed spatial overlap between the original speaker and comprehenders during language perception?

A

s bilateral TPJ, Superior Temporal Gyrus (STG), MTG, Precuneus, Posterior Cingulate, Medial Prefrontal Cortex (mPFC), left premotor cortex, and supplementary motor cortex

62
Q

What were the main findings of Nieuwland et al.’s (2018) study on prediction in language comprehension?

A
  • found that prediction occurred more strongly when context cues were stronger (e.g., in grammatical rules)
  • however prediction less prominent when context cues were weak, suggesting that participants do not predict word-by-word and that prediction occurs selectively under certain conditions
63
Q

What are some possible explanations for the extent of prediction in language comprehension based on the findings of Nieuwland et al. (2018)?

A
  • whether prediction is optional & occur only under certain conditions, such as in cases of degraded or ambiguous speech.
  • alternatively, prediction may be a mechanism for modulating focused attention in language processing, engaging deeper processing when our predictions are broken

5BBA2040 Psychology I (10 decks)

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