L8;C2,5,8,9

Question 1

The human body articulates into multiple segments, what does this allow/limit?

Answer 1

This permits relative motion between segments

Question 2

How much we load certain tissue can _______ through certain joints

Answer 2

Transfer

Question 3

Number of _____, _______ and _______ is the viable way of classifying jonits and their motion

Answer 3

Axis, DoF, motion

Question 4

Three types of joints, name them

Answer 4

1. immovable
2. Slightly movable
3. Synovial, freely movable

Question 5

Explain immovable joints and give an example

Answer 5

• sutures, these have no movement at all

- syndesmoses, these have dense sheets of connective tissue to allow no movement (radius and ulna)

Question 6

Explain slightly movable joints and give examples

Answer 6

• synchrodroses, these move slightly, such as in thorax with breathing patterns.
• symphyses, such as in the pelvis are small joints that articulate to allwo for small movement

Question 7

Explain freely moveable joints and give examples (6)

Answer 7

Ball and socket- open socket with articulating convex ball (hip)
Condyloid joint- articulating is more oval and found in carpal joint
Gliding joint- in carpal joints, allow for sliding and manipulation of hand
Hinge joint-motion in one direction (knee)
Pivot joint-one that rotates around another (when turning head)
Saddle joint- more motion side to side (like thumb joint)

Question 8

What kind of cartilage is located between articulating surfaces?

Answer 8

Hyaline cartilage

Question 9

Explain and give characteristics of hyaline cartilage

Answer 9

• This is highly organized collagen fibre networks and have a homogenous mix
• distributes Load and provides surface for joint lubrication

Question 10

Explain what articular fibrocartilage is

Answer 10

• filler material between hyaline and others tissues. Found at rim of articulation

Question 11

What is the function of synovial fluid?

Answer 11

Lubricates joint to minimize mechanical wear

Question 12

What is joint stability?

Answer 12

The ability for a joint to resist dislocation while preserving structures around it

Question 13

What is the dynamic conditions of joint stability?

Answer 13

The ability to control motion within physiological limits.

Question 14

List and describe the three ways joint stability is influenced

Answer 14

1. Intrinsic mechanical properties (ligaments or tendons) of passive tissues/structures
   - stiffness and damping provides deformations, shape, of articular surface
2. Intrinsic mechanical properties of muscles
   - short range, muscle stiffness, muscle activation state
3. Neuromuscular coordination and control
   - sensory apparatus, reflexive and voluntary muscle activation

Question 15

True or false: the lumbar spine is stable. Explain your answer.

Answer 15

False, it is inherently unstable. Without muscles the lumbar region cannot support upper body weight.

Question 16

What is joint flexibility?

Answer 16

• refers to the allowable RoM of a joint

- mobility is a term for number of mechanical DoF of kinematic chains

Question 17

What three things influence joint flexibility?

Answer 17

1. Intrinsic mechanical passive tissue/structure properties
2. Intrinsic mechanical properties of a muscle
3. Neuromuscular coordination and control

Question 18

When youre _____ there is significant _____ Load when you change to neutral spine ______ decreases. This is due to _________

Answer 18

Flexed, shear, shear, repositioning

Question 19

Explain the flexion relaxation phenomenon

Answer 19

60-80% activation of a muscle, they will just turn off. There amount of shear load will stop. Ligaments stay constant entire motion even when maximally flexed.

Question 20

Why is the flexion relaxation relationship important?

Answer 20

Every tissue has failure tolerance. If you apply a load past the point it will fail in some way. The margin fo safety is its wiggle room before an injury.