L6-L7;C3-5

Question 1

Connective tissue only generate load while ______

Explain why

Answer 1

Stressed/strained

• due to the passivity of the materials

Question 2

What are the types of connective tissues?

Answer 2

Bones, ligaments, tendons, cartilage

Question 3

What are the three biomechanical functions of connective tissues?

Answer 3

• provide support
• transmit force
• maintains structural integrity of body parts

Question 4

Give a description of tendons and ligaments (their constituents and structure)

Answer 4

• relatively few cells
• densely packed with collagen
• 60-80% water
• sparsely vascularized (doesnt have a lot of blood supply)

Question 5

What are the mechanical functions of ligaments and tendons?

Answer 5

These two are tensile and have load bearing responsibility

Question 6

Tendons attach ______ to _______

Ligaments attach ______ to ______

Answer 6

Muscle to bone

Bone to bone

Question 7

Ligaments show more ______ tissue and have a _____ at beginning of contraction
Tendons show more _________ tissues

Answer 7

Crimp, toe, organized

Question 8

What happens with appropriate training with respect to ligaments and tendons?

Answer 8

These tend to become larger and change their material properties to become stronger per unit area.

Question 9

_______ _______ leads to tissue atrophy and reduces load bearing capacity

Answer 9

Physical inactivity

Question 10

Failure of ______ _______ is a sprain
Failure of ______ ________ is a strain
Ligament/tendon pulled from bone is _______

Answer 10

Ligament substance
Tendon substance
Avulsion

Question 11

How are strains caused?

Answer 11

When the applied tensile load exceeds the load bearing capacity (tolerance) in any of the structural zones.

Question 12

How do sprains occur?

Answer 12

These occur when applied tensile load exceeds load bearing capacity of the ligament substance and or osteoligamentous junction

Question 13

What is accompanied by bone fracture?

Answer 13

Avulsion

Question 14

What are the two composite structures of bone?

Answer 14

Cortical (compact bone)

Trabecular bone

Question 15

What are some extra functions of bones?

Answer 15

• storage of minerals (Ca and P) fatty acids and growth factors
• blood production
• endocrine organ

Question 16

What is the description of cortical bone?

Answer 16

• compact mineralized structure/low porosity

- located in shafts of long bone

Question 17

What is the description of trabecular (cancellous bone)?

Answer 17

• less compact mineralization, High porosity
• filled with fats and marrow
• located in ends of long bone and vertebrae

Question 18

What is wolffs law?

Answer 18

This is only applicable to bones and states. Bone is added where it is needed ( most stressed spot) and reabsorbed where it isn’t needed

Question 19

Explain some atrophy of bone loss (6 factors)

Answer 19

• physical inactivity
• bed ridden
• sedentary lifestyle
• absence of gravity
• smoking
• poor nutrients

Question 20

How do bone fractures occur?

Answer 20

This is when acute or chronic load applied exceeds the bones ability to tolerate the load

Question 21

What is connective tissue comprised of?

Answer 21

-type 2 collagen

Question 22

Why does cartilage allow for maximal dispersion throughout contractions?

Answer 22

Since it has type 2 collagen fibre. Type 2 is a lot thinner

Question 23

What is the main role of articular cartilage?

Answer 23

• This is to spread the load over a wide area, thereby reducing contract stress
• also contributes to load joint lubrication due to cartilage fluid influx and intrinsic properties

Question 24

Explain the characteristics of articular fibrocartilage

Answer 24

• located at surface of some joints, space filler such as menisci and labra
• connective role at some joints (limit motion)
• distributes Load
• very strong resilient and flexible

Question 25

Collagen resists _____ and provides ______ to muscles

Answer 25

Tension, flexibility

Question 26

What does porus mean?

Answer 26

More cavities and pores. Which results in smaller minerals

Question 27

What is bone the strongest for and the weakest for?

Answer 27

Strongest—> resisting compression

Weakest—> resisting shear