L6-L7;C3-5 Flashcards
Connective tissue only generate load while ______
Explain why
Stressed/strained
- due to the passivity of the materials
What are the types of connective tissues?
Bones, ligaments, tendons, cartilage
What are the three biomechanical functions of connective tissues?
- provide support
- transmit force
- maintains structural integrity of body parts
Give a description of tendons and ligaments (their constituents and structure)
- relatively few cells
- densely packed with collagen
- 60-80% water
- sparsely vascularized (doesnt have a lot of blood supply)
What are the mechanical functions of ligaments and tendons?
These two are tensile and have load bearing responsibility
Tendons attach ______ to _______
Ligaments attach ______ to ______
Muscle to bone
Bone to bone
Ligaments show more ______ tissue and have a _____ at beginning of contraction
Tendons show more _________ tissues
Crimp, toe, organized
What happens with appropriate training with respect to ligaments and tendons?
These tend to become larger and change their material properties to become stronger per unit area.
_______ _______ leads to tissue atrophy and reduces load bearing capacity
Physical inactivity
Failure of ______ _______ is a sprain
Failure of ______ ________ is a strain
Ligament/tendon pulled from bone is _______
Ligament substance
Tendon substance
Avulsion
How are strains caused?
When the applied tensile load exceeds the load bearing capacity (tolerance) in any of the structural zones.
How do sprains occur?
These occur when applied tensile load exceeds load bearing capacity of the ligament substance and or osteoligamentous junction
What is accompanied by bone fracture?
Avulsion
What are the two composite structures of bone?
Cortical (compact bone)
Trabecular bone
What are some extra functions of bones?
- storage of minerals (Ca and P) fatty acids and growth factors
- blood production
- endocrine organ
What is the description of cortical bone?
- compact mineralized structure/low porosity
- located in shafts of long bone
What is the description of trabecular (cancellous bone)?
- less compact mineralization, High porosity
- filled with fats and marrow
- located in ends of long bone and vertebrae
What is wolffs law?
This is only applicable to bones and states. Bone is added where it is needed ( most stressed spot) and reabsorbed where it isn’t needed
Explain some atrophy of bone loss (6 factors)
- physical inactivity
- bed ridden
- sedentary lifestyle
- absence of gravity
- smoking
- poor nutrients
How do bone fractures occur?
This is when acute or chronic load applied exceeds the bones ability to tolerate the load
What is connective tissue comprised of?
-type 2 collagen
Why does cartilage allow for maximal dispersion throughout contractions?
Since it has type 2 collagen fibre. Type 2 is a lot thinner
What is the main role of articular cartilage?
- This is to spread the load over a wide area, thereby reducing contract stress
- also contributes to load joint lubrication due to cartilage fluid influx and intrinsic properties
Explain the characteristics of articular fibrocartilage
- located at surface of some joints, space filler such as menisci and labra
- connective role at some joints (limit motion)
- distributes Load
- very strong resilient and flexible
Collagen resists _____ and provides ______ to muscles
Tension, flexibility
What does porus mean?
More cavities and pores. Which results in smaller minerals
What is bone the strongest for and the weakest for?
Strongest—> resisting compression
Weakest—> resisting shear
