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PSYC 314 > L8 > Flashcards

L8 Flashcards

1
Q

What purpose does pain serve?

A

warns self or others of tissue damage/injury/disease; evokes care

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2
Q

Consequences of pain

A

poor health behaviors, loss of employment/income, depression, fear, anxiety, social isolation, sleep disorders, marital and family dysfunction

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3
Q

Characteristics of a fish’s experience of pain

A

they have neurons called nociceptors, produce the same opioids (body’s innate painkillers) as mammals, and their brain activity during injury is similar to that in terrestrial vertebrates

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4
Q

Specificity theory of pain

A

pain is directly proportional to tissue damage; the body has a separate sensory system for perceiving pain

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5
Q

Pattern theory of pain

A

there is no separate system for perceiving pain, rather pain is felt when certain patterns of neural activity occur due to intense stimulation

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6
Q

2 stages of the experience of pain due to injury (specificity theory)

A

(1) pain messages originate in nerves associated with damaged tissue and travel to the spinal cord; (2) a signal is sent to a motor nerve and the brain, where pain is perceived

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7
Q

3 ways that the specificity theory of pain is a biomedical approach

A

assumes one-to-one correspondence to injury/disease; may lead to unfortunate (e.g. blaming the patient, assuming psychiatric disorder); focuses on pharmacological, surgical, or other medical interventions to control pain

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8
Q

Gate-control theory

A

pain is not directly proportional to tissue damage, rather there is a hypothetical neural pain gate in the spinal cord that opens or closes to modulate signals to the brain

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9
Q

Mechanisms in the gate-control theory

A

inhibitor and projector neurons that respond to sensory input and send certain signals to the brain

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10
Q

3 factors involved in gate-control theory

A

amount of activity in pain fibres, amount of activity in peripheral nerves, messages that descend from the brain

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11
Q

What opens the gate in terms of physical factors?

A

extent of injury, inappropriate activity level or inactivity

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12
Q

What closes the gate in terms of physical factors?

A

medication, counter stimulation (e.g. massage, heat)

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13
Q

What opens the gate in terms of emotional factors?

A

anxiety or worry, tension, depression, relationship problems

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14
Q

What closes the gate in terms of emotional factors?

A

positive emotions, relaxation, social support

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15
Q

What opens the gate in terms of cognitive factors?

A

boredom, focusing on pain

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16
Q

What closes the gate in terms of cognitive factors?

A

distraction, concentration, involvement and interest in activities

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17
Q

Neuropathic pain

A

pain in the absence of noxious stimulus that results from current or past disease/damage in peripheral nerves (e.g. neuralgia, causalgia, phantom limb pain)

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18
Q

Neuralgia

A

an extremely painful syndrome in which the patient experiences recurrent episodes of intense shooting or stabbing pain along a nerve that often follows infection

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19
Q

Causalgia or complex regional pain syndrome

A

recurrent episodes of severe burning pain that are often triggered by minor stimuli (e.g. clothing resting on the area)

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20
Q

Phantom limb pain

A

recurrent or continuous pain experienced in an amputated limb or one with no functioning nerves

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21
Q

Neuromatrix theory

A

a neuromatrix comprises a widespread network of neurons across many areas of the brain that generates a pattern felt as a whole body possessing a sense of self

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22
Q

What does the neuromatrix do?

A

generates pain and other sensations in the absence of signals from sensory nerves

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23
Q

Where in the brain is pain produced?

A

CNS (brain, spinal cord)

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24
Q

Pain according to the IASP

A

an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage; always subjective

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25
Q

3 ways to assess pain

A

self-report measures (e.g. rating scales, interviews, questionnaires), behavioral assessment approaches, psychophysiological measures (e.g. EMG, EEG)

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26
Q

Examples of pain rating scales

A

visual analogue scale, box scale or numeric rating scale, verbal rating scale

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27
Q

3 broad dimensions involved in pain

A

affective (emotional-motivational), sensory, and evaluative

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28
Q

2 types of situations for assessing pain behaviors

A

everyday activities and structured clinical sessions

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29
Q

Pain behaviors

A

observable behaviors that occur in response to pain; part of the sick role and are often unknowingly strengthened or maintained by operant conditioning

30
Q

4 types of pain behaviors

A

facial and audible expression of distress, distortions in posture or gait, negative affect (mood, anxiety, depression), avoidance of activity

31
Q

Organic vs psychogenic pain

A

pain that has a clearly identifiable physical cause (e.g. tissue damage or pressure); pain resulting from psychological processes

32
Q

Factors that affect pain

A

physiological and psychosocial factors

33
Q

What do people with chronic pain experience?

A

high levels of depression, anxiety, anger, which are associated with high levels of subsequent pain/disability

34
Q

Examples of maladaptive coping

A

destructive thinking and helplessness

35
Q

How are pain and stress linked?

A

pain is stressful (partly due to lack of perceived control) and stress can produce or worsen pain

36
Q

Catastrophizing

A

frequent, magnified negative thoughts about pain (e.g. magnification, rumination, helplessness); increases with pain intensity and plays a major role in the transition from acute to chronic pain

37
Q

2 stages of the appraisal model of pain catastrophizing

A

primary appraisal and secondary appraisal

38
Q

Primary appraisal

A

focusing on and exaggerating the threat value of pain

39
Q

Secondary appraisal

A

appraisals of helplessness and of inability to cope

40
Q

2 types of coping strategies

A

overt behavioral and covert

41
Q

Examples of overt behavioral coping

A

getting rest, using relaxation methods, and taking medication

42
Q

Examples of covert coping

A

hoping or praying the pain will get better, saying calming words to oneself, diverting one’s attention

43
Q

Examples of adaptive coping

A

relaxation, distraction, redefinition of pain/reappraisal, readiness to change, taking an active role

44
Q

Pain acceptance

A

being inclined to engage in activities despite the pain and disinclined to control or avoid the pain

45
Q

What traits do people with high levels of pain acceptance possess?

A

pay less attention to pain, have greater self-efficacy for performing daily tasks, function better, and use less pain medication than those with low pain acceptance

46
Q

What reduces pain ratings following a cold-pressor task?

A

positive self-statements with explanations of how they can help; verbal support

47
Q

Communal coping model of pain catastrophizing (CCMPC)

A

in a social context, the person in pain catastrophizes and appears less able to cope with pain in order to elicit proximity, support, empathy, and assistance from caregivers

48
Q

When is catastrophizing detrimental?

A

it may be less adaptive during chronic pain, leading to social conflict and rejection

49
Q

What behavior do high catastrophizers display?

A

increased pain behavior in the presence of another person and engage in less effective coping

50
Q

Goal of CCMPC

A

to manage distress in a social context rather than an individual one

51
Q

Social communication model of pain

A

primarily focuses on the interpersonal context of pain wherein the dynamic interplay between the unique qualities of the patient and the caregiver (e.g. personal histories, pain expression, pain management) influence the pain experience

52
Q

Social pain

A

the experience of pain as a result of interpersonal rejection or loss (e.g. being an outcast, getting bullied, losing a loved one)

53
Q

What areas of the brain do negative social experiences rely on?

A

the same neural system supporting the affective component of physical pain (dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and anterior insula)

54
Q

In what ways does acetaminophen or tylenol treat pain?

A

reduces daily self-reported social pain, neural responses to social rejection in the dACC and AI

55
Q

4 clinical interventions for pain

A

surgical interventions, chemical/pharmacological treatments, stimulation therapies, physical therapy and rehabilitation

56
Q

Examples of chemical treatments

A

peripherally active analgesics (e.g. acetaminophen), centrally acting analgesics or opioids (e.g. morphine), local anaesthetics (e.g. novocaine)

57
Q

4 aims of psychological treatments for pain

A

to reduce the frequency and intensity, improve emotional adjustment, increase social and physical activity, reduce the use of analgesic drugs

58
Q

Common psychological treatments for pain

A

fear reduction methods (e.g. systematic desensitization); progressive muscle relaxation, meditation, and biofeedback; cognitive methods; psychotherapy (e.g. CBT)

59
Q

Examples of cognitive methods to treat pain

A

distraction, non-pain imagery, redefinition, promoting acceptance

60
Q

Goal of CBT in treating pain

A

to help people manage the emotional difficulties associated with pain and encourage acceptance

61
Q

Somatic symptom disorder

A

long-term pain due to excessive concerns for physical symptoms or health that are usually medically unexplained

62
Q

Acute pain

A

discomfort experienced with temporary painful conditions that last less than about 3 months

63
Q

Chronic pain

A

painful condition lasts longer than its expected course or more than a few months

64
Q

3 types of chronic pain

A

chronic-recurrent pain, chronic-intractable-benign pain, chronic-progressive pain

65
Q

Chronic-recurrent pain

A

stems from benign causes and involves repeated and intense episodes of pain separated by periods without pain

66
Q

Chronic-intractable-benign pain

A

discomfort that is typically always present with varying levels of intensity and is not related to an underlying malignant condition

67
Q

Chronic-progressive pain

A

continuous discomfort due to a malignant condition and becomes increasingly intense as the underlying condition worsens

68
Q

Gender differences in the experience of pain

A

men and women have similar pain thresholds but women giver higher pain ratings

69
Q

Neurodic trial scales

A

hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria

70
Q

Relationship between chronic pain and psychological maladjustment

A

chronic pain is more likely to lead to maladjustment than vice versa

71
Q

Psychophysiology

A

study of mental or emotional processes as reflected by changes they produce in physiological activity

PSYC 314 (12 decks)

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