L4

Question 1

Health disparities

Answer 1

inequalities or gaps in health or health care between group that affects the differences in morbidity and mortality rates between them

Question 2

Health disparities in indigenous peoples

Answer 2

lower life expectancies, higher infant mortality rates, lower self-reported health, higher rates of illness, up to 4x more likely to experience various kinds of stress and trauma, 5x more likely to commit suicide (11x for Inuits)

Question 3

2 possible mechanisms linking poverty and diabetes in Indigenous peoples

Answer 3

lower income and education result in (1) fewer healthy dietary options, less consumption of traditional foods, and (2) elevated cortisol levels, which increase blood glucose levels

Question 4

What traumatic stressors were caused by European colonization?

Answer 4

new diseases, loss of land, criminalization and loss of culture, genocide, and forced assimilation

Question 5

What is the most significant social determinant of Indigenous health according to WHO?

Answer 5

colonization

Question 6

Intergenerational trauma

Answer 6

trauma passed down to subsequent generations

Question 7

What are some direct and indirect mechanisms involved in intergenerational trauma?

Answer 7

direct experiences with trauma, vicarious trauma, lack of culture or culture identity, ongoing marginalization and discrimination, genetic and biological vulnerabilities, loss of ability to cope and parent effectively due to PTSD

Question 8

Epigenetics

Answer 8

the study of changes in organisms caused by changes in gene expression (not DNA) due to environmental influences

Question 9

Intergenerational epigenetic effects

Answer 9

epigenetic changes can be heritable via various processes and can affect multiple generations (at least 2)

Question 10

How does the attendance of parents in residential schools affect their adult children?

Answer 10

For adult children with whose mother and father both attended residential schools, they have higher self-reported childhood adversity (e.g. family conflict and level of stress at home); Maternal attendance has a direct (possibly epigenetic) effect on allostatic load of adult children

Question 11

Cultural identity clarity

Answer 11

a sense of confidence in knowing, expressing, and belonging to one’s culture

Question 12

Benefits of making efforts to reclaim one’s culture

Answer 12

decrease in youth suicide, improved education, and fewer children being placed in foster care

Question 13

Which types of Canadian neighborhoods had the highest COVID-19 death rates?

Answer 13

those with lower income, people who are a visible minority, recent immigrants, born outside of Canada, or who speak neither english nor french (especially men)

Question 14

What is a common behavior between high- and low-ranking baboons?

Answer 14

displacement aggression, leading to chronically elevated stress hormones and high levels of obesity in low-ranking baboons

Question 15

How is status related to health?

Answer 15

low status leads to the experience of stress, which results in increased morbidity and mortality

Question 16

Impact of low-SES on the experience of stress

Answer 16

low-SES individuals experience more frequent and chronic stressors, have a tendency to interpret stressors as more threatening, and cope less effectively (increased allostatic load)

Question 17

What are 2 of the most potent stressors in terms of SES?

Answer 17

social ordering and dominance hierarchies

Question 18

Biological embedding model

Answer 18

childhood adversity gets programmed into the immune system through multiple mechanisms like epigenetics (e.g. immune cells develop pro-inflammatory tendencies that manifest throughout life and contribute to increased chronic disease)

Question 19

Shift-and-persist approach to overcoming low-SES adversities

Answer 19

(1) shifting one’s perspective on stress with acceptance and adapting through reappraisals; (2) persisting by maintaining meaning and optimism

Question 20

Key factors in the link between income and health

Answer 20

social status, individual income, reverse association, social cohesion (affected by level of inequality), social disinvestment in health-promoting resources

Question 21

Reverse association

Answer 21

poor health interferes with an individual’s ability to secure and maintain employment

Question 22

2 factors that cause the negative impacts of social inequality

Answer 22

heightened levels of competition and social evaluation anxiety

Question 23

Social evaluation anxiety

Answer 23

increased stress due to greater threats to self-esteem, social status, and fear of judgement

Question 24

Stigma

Answer 24

negative attitudes and behaviors based on group membership or affiliation

Question 25

Marginalization

Answer 25

treatment of person or group as less important

Question 26

Minority stress model

Answer 26

stigma, prejudice, and discrimination create a hostile social environment, leading to increased stress for minorities and increased incidence of disease and illness

Question 27

Illnesses common among African Americans

Answer 27

stroke, diabetes, perinatal disease, some cancers, depression, substance abuse

Question 28

Illnesses common among LGBTQ+ individuals

Answer 28

immune dysfunction, some cancers, substance abuse, depression, anxiety, attempted suicide

Question 29

Specific sources of stress among minorities

Answer 29

direct experiences of discrimination, prejudice, and harassment; social stigma; internalized bias and stigma; rejection and expectations of rejection (in hiring, applying, social situations); having to hide or conceal identity

Question 30

What 4 factors are associated with greater resilience to poor health outcomes among racialized groups?

Answer 30

subjective social status, perceived social support, racial socialization and identity

Question 31

What 3 factors are associated with psychological well-being and lower risk of suicidality among trans people?

Answer 31

personal mastery or control, support-seeking and social support, emotional coping (especially positive reappraisal)