L7: Water Balance

Question 1

What is the normal range for PNa?

Answer 1

135-150mEq/L

Question 2

Hyponatremia Defined as PNa+ <-

Answer 2

<135 mmnol

Question 3

What is the most common electrolyte disorder?

Answer 3

hyponatremia

Question 4

What is hyponatremia usually linked to?

Answer 4

usually linked to disorders in water handling

Question 5

What are the symptoms of hyponatremia?

Answer 5

Nausea, headache, weakness, fatigue

Question 6

Hypernatremia is defined as >__

Answer 6

> 150mEq/L

Question 7

How often does hypernatremia occur in hospital admissions?

Answer 7

10%

Question 8

What are the symptoms of hypernatremia?

Answer 8

Dehydration of brain cells, lethargy, weakness, irritability

Question 9

Where is hypernatremia often seen?

Answer 9

in situations with impaired mental health - elderly and infants who can’t sense what they are filling

Question 10

What can hypernatremia also indicate?

Answer 10

Hypothalamic dysfunction (diabetes insipidus)

Question 11

50% of body Na is found in the ____ wheareas 5% is found in the ___ (kept low by the __)

Answer 11

ECF, ICF, Na/K, ATPase

Question 12

What is the normal range for K

Answer 12

3.5-5 mEq/L

Question 13

What is K regulate dby?

Answer 13

aldosterone

Question 14

Hypokalemia is less than

Answer 14

3.5mEq/L

Question 15

What can cause hypokalemia?

Answer 15

vomiting, diarrhea, diuretics

Question 16

Hypokalemia can be associated with a genetic defect in ____

Answer 16

SLCs

Question 17

Hyperkalemia is more than

Answer 17

5.0mEq/L

Question 18

Hyperkalemia is a common electrolyte disorder occuring in ____ of hospitalized patients

Answer 18

10%

Question 19

What is hyperkalemia associated with?

Answer 19

administration of ACE1 or K sparing diuretics

Question 20

Hyperkalemia often seen in __

Answer 20

elderly

Question 21

90 % of K is found in the ____, 2% is found in the ____ and 8% is found in the ___

Answer 21

ICF, ECF, bones

Question 22

What happens to AVP levels as there is a high and low levels of water

Answer 22

High levels of water means no AVP
Low levels of water means high AVP

Question 23

Urinary flow rate is about _ L/day

Answer 23

0.5 - 15L/day

Question 24

How does the kidney ensure water balance?

Answer 24

Through AQPs, urine volume, and counter-current system

Question 25

80% of water reabsorption is obligatory and done by these 2 parts in the tubule

Answer 25

PCT and tDLH

Question 26

Dr. Peter Agre

Answer 26

AQPs

Question 27

AQP1 - 80% obligatory and are found in

Answer 27

PCT, tDLH and vasa recta

Question 28

AQP2 - apical membrane of CD principal cells and regualted by

Answer 28

AVP

Question 29

What is AVP also known as?

Answer 29

ADH -anti-diuretic hormone

Question 30

What is the role of AVP?

Answer 30

water conservation

Question 31

What occurs with a failure to secrete AVP?

Answer 31

dramtic increase in V - diabetes insiidus

Question 32

where is AVP released from?

Answer 32

neurohypophysis

Question 33

AVP greatly influences H20 perm in ___ cells

Answer 33

CD principal cells

Question 34

In principal cells, AVP regulates __ to allow up to 20% of facultative H2O reabsorptions

Answer 34

AQP2

Question 35

80% obligatory H2O reabsorption occurs in ___ (-%) and ___(-%)

Answer 35

PCT - 65% tDLH - 15%

Question 36

As plasma AVP increase the urine osmality ____

Answer 36

increases

Question 37

As plasma osmoloality increase vasopressein ___

Answer 37

increases

Question 38

When there is a decrease in arterial pressur the levels of vasopressin

Answer 38

rise

Question 39

AVP release is influenced by an increase in ____ and a decrease in bot __ and ___

Answer 39

Plasma osmality, BPandBlood volume