L7- language

Question 1

In communication, what hemisphere of the brain is used?

Answer 1

For both speaking and listening, the left hemisphere is used.

Question 2

What are the three stages in order to produce language?psychological / acoustic level

Answer 2

The left hemisphere of the brain conducts what it wants to say, this is sent through the motor nerves and then to the vocal muscles to be vocalised.

Question 3

What are the three stages taken when listening to language? Psychological/ acoustic level

Answer 3

The ear is used to listen to the words, which is then taken through the sensory nerves up to the left hemisphere of the brain where it is decoded and understood

Question 4

What stages are in the linguistic level of producing language?

Answer 4

Before speaking we have a concept of words in which we want to say, this occurs in the temporal lobe for about 250mm.

Then we accept the appropriate phonology which is in line with what we want to say (words-> phonology) 250mm. Temporal lobe to frontal lobe through dorsal pathway.

Phonology to symbols 250mm

Moves to motor cortex to articulate words. 100mm

Fine control of articulation, using the mouth.

Question 5

What stages are in the linguistic level of understanding speech

Answer 5

The listener uses sound perception(50-150ms)

Then the emotional tone is registered

Word recognition

Meaning is consciously comprehended

Question 6

What are the five stages of the bottom up/ top down language production. Within top down form

Answer 6

5. Integrate in discourse
6. Interpret
7. Recognise words
8. Segment words
9. Decode

Question 7

List the theories of speech recognition:

Answer 7

-Motor theory
When the listener mimics the speakers articulacy movements (actions of the mouth etc the talker makes)

-ERP
speech areas activated rapidly when speech is presented
-TMS
Disrupting speech production processes impairs speech perception. Patients with brain damage to speech production areas have an impaired speech perception

Question 8

Majority of our communication is what?

Answer 8

Modal

Question 9

What are the challenges within speech recognition?

Answer 9

Unlike written language, no gaps between words.

“The” sounds different in different positions

Accent, gender and speaking rate

Time constraints

Question 10

How and what can affect our decoding?

Answer 10

X

Question 11

What Segmentation is there present in speech recognition?

Answer 11

Stress on the first syllable.

Longer syllable at the start and end of word

Many top down influences

Question 12

What is the ganong effect?

Answer 12

Where context influences what we interpret the word as.

E.g if talking about orange, the phoneme eel is interpreted as peel
Likewise, if discussing a shoe, eel phoneme is interpreted as heel.

Question 12

What are dells (1986) four stages of language production

Answer 12

1; semantic level (plan message to be communicated)
2;syntactic level (grammatical structure of message)
3; morphological (choose morphemes, basic units of message)
4;phonological (basic units of sounds, phonemes are chosen)

Question 13

What do spontaneous speech errors reflect?

Answer 13

Unconscious desires, conflict and train of thought

Question 14

How common are spontaneous speech errors?

Answer 14

Infrequent, 1 in 500

Question 15

Explain the picture word interfearence

Answer 15

Ignore a distractor word and name the picture

Question 16

Are more people monolingual in the population

Answer 16

No, more bilingual

Question 17

What do bilinguals differ in

Answer 17

Age of aquisition
Proficiency
Immersion
Language dominance and similarity amoungst language

Question 18

Disadvantages of being bilingual

Answer 18

Less competent, less rich/ interocnnected

Small vocabularies in each language

Reduced use of each word; less rebust representations

Question 19

Children with migration background typically misdiagnosed with impairment of what?

Answer 19

Language aquisition

Question 20

What occurs in bilingual prodcution?

Answer 20

-keep both languages seperate but both are activated

Can switch form one to another when needed

Choose which language to use with each interlocuter

Question 21

Explain minimal pairs in terms of sign language

Answer 21

One or more variables change (phonological parameters) which changes the meaning of the word

Question 22

What is the basic linguistic structure of signed languages

Answer 22

Phonology
Morphology
Syntax

Question 23

Is sign language left or right lateralised?

Answer 23

Left

Question 24

Commonly most communication is what?

Answer 24

Modal

Question 25

Where does sign language occur in the brain?

Answer 25

Visuospatial modality

Question 26

Explain what sign language is

Answer 26

A natural language which develops within the community of deaf people.

It is not universal, not a translation, not invented, not pantomine

Question 27

What are the three design features of language (within sign language)n according to hockett 1960

Answer 27

Displacement:
- speakers can talk about things which are specially and temporally removed (not present with the context)

Productivity:
- speakers can create novel utterances that others can understand

Duality of patterning:
- basic units of language can be (re)combined in systematic ways to create new forms

Question 28

Name the four phonological parameters

Answer 28

Headshape
Location
Movement
Orientation

Question 29

Tradition definition of sign language

Answer 29

A sub-lexical level of structure consisting of contastive patterns of meaningless words

Question 30

What is the amodal definition of sign language?

Answer 30

Level of gramma involving

• rules for combining a finite number of meaningless feature
• into a large no of pronouncable utterances