L7- language Flashcards
In communication, what hemisphere of the brain is used?
For both speaking and listening, the left hemisphere is used.
What are the three stages in order to produce language?psychological / acoustic level
The left hemisphere of the brain conducts what it wants to say, this is sent through the motor nerves and then to the vocal muscles to be vocalised.
What are the three stages taken when listening to language? Psychological/ acoustic level
The ear is used to listen to the words, which is then taken through the sensory nerves up to the left hemisphere of the brain where it is decoded and understood
What stages are in the linguistic level of producing language?
Before speaking we have a concept of words in which we want to say, this occurs in the temporal lobe for about 250mm.
Then we accept the appropriate phonology which is in line with what we want to say (words-> phonology) 250mm. Temporal lobe to frontal lobe through dorsal pathway.
Phonology to symbols 250mm
Moves to motor cortex to articulate words. 100mm
Fine control of articulation, using the mouth.
What stages are in the linguistic level of understanding speech
The listener uses sound perception(50-150ms)
Then the emotional tone is registered
Word recognition
Meaning is consciously comprehended
What are the five stages of the bottom up/ top down language production. Within top down form
- Integrate in discourse
- Interpret
- Recognise words
- Segment words
- Decode
List the theories of speech recognition:
-Motor theory
When the listener mimics the speakers articulacy movements (actions of the mouth etc the talker makes)
-ERP
speech areas activated rapidly when speech is presented
-TMS
Disrupting speech production processes impairs speech perception. Patients with brain damage to speech production areas have an impaired speech perception
Majority of our communication is what?
Modal
What are the challenges within speech recognition?
Unlike written language, no gaps between words.
“The” sounds different in different positions
Accent, gender and speaking rate
Time constraints
How and what can affect our decoding?
X
What Segmentation is there present in speech recognition?
Stress on the first syllable.
Longer syllable at the start and end of word
Many top down influences
What is the ganong effect?
Where context influences what we interpret the word as.
E.g if talking about orange, the phoneme eel is interpreted as peel
Likewise, if discussing a shoe, eel phoneme is interpreted as heel.
What are dells (1986) four stages of language production
1; semantic level (plan message to be communicated)
2;syntactic level (grammatical structure of message)
3; morphological (choose morphemes, basic units of message)
4;phonological (basic units of sounds, phonemes are chosen)
What do spontaneous speech errors reflect?
Unconscious desires, conflict and train of thought
How common are spontaneous speech errors?
Infrequent, 1 in 500
Explain the picture word interfearence
Ignore a distractor word and name the picture
Are more people monolingual in the population
No, more bilingual
What do bilinguals differ in
Age of aquisition
Proficiency
Immersion
Language dominance and similarity amoungst language
Disadvantages of being bilingual
Less competent, less rich/ interocnnected
Small vocabularies in each language
Reduced use of each word; less rebust representations
Children with migration background typically misdiagnosed with impairment of what?
Language aquisition
What occurs in bilingual prodcution?
-keep both languages seperate but both are activated
Can switch form one to another when needed
Choose which language to use with each interlocuter
Explain minimal pairs in terms of sign language
One or more variables change (phonological parameters) which changes the meaning of the word
What is the basic linguistic structure of signed languages
Phonology
Morphology
Syntax
Is sign language left or right lateralised?
Left
Commonly most communication is what?
Modal
Where does sign language occur in the brain?
Visuospatial modality
Explain what sign language is
A natural language which develops within the community of deaf people.
It is not universal, not a translation, not invented, not pantomine
What are the three design features of language (within sign language)n according to hockett 1960
Displacement:
- speakers can talk about things which are specially and temporally removed (not present with the context)
Productivity:
- speakers can create novel utterances that others can understand
Duality of patterning:
- basic units of language can be (re)combined in systematic ways to create new forms
Name the four phonological parameters
Headshape
Location
Movement
Orientation
Tradition definition of sign language
A sub-lexical level of structure consisting of contastive patterns of meaningless words
What is the amodal definition of sign language?
Level of gramma involving
- rules for combining a finite number of meaningless feature
- into a large no of pronouncable utterances
