L2- social development Flashcards
What is infant attachment ?
Close, enduring relationship between child and primary carer (normally mum).
It is a single relation. Which maintains a closeness in times of stress, to give infants a secure base. This allows them to feel safe exploring and learning in their world
-bowlbys attachment theory 1969
What is the difference between bonding and attachment?
Bonding is the closeness between infant and carer and involves a common goal and positive affect
Attachment is used more wen the infant is stressed ada coping strategy
What is mary ainsworths strange situation 1973
Measure attachment of reunion of infant and carer and categorised infants attachment styles.
What are the types of attachment attachment styles infants can have?
Secure
=infant explores environment but remains close: stressed by absence but quickly calmed.based on receiving consistent care from carer
Insecure avoidant
= little stress in absence and seeks no contact in reunion. Carer responds to stress insensitively, ignoring or ridiculing them. These infants still feel stress even if they try to display less negative emotion
Insecure ambivalent
=extreme stress in absence and not calmed by reunion. Shows an angry resistance which makes them more angry by not using carer as coping strategy. Inconsistent care, sometimes involving response from carer. Infant increases their distress shown to get their carers attention but makes them more stressed than before (ineffective coping)
How does attachment affects infants?
It sends a rippling effect into their whole life. Affecting how they are
What did groh et al (2017) conduct a meta analysis on?
On the long term effects of early infant carer attachment.
- did a longitudinal study on those who were in the strange situation on those ages 1-14
- reported four aspects of social/emotional development. (social competence. Externalising behaviour, internalising behaviour and negative temperament )
-compared secure and insecure: sig effect on all four measures. Secure children have high social competence and low in the other three measures.
-compared secure and insecure avoidant.
Significant effect in three measures. Avoidant children are low in social competence but high in externalising/internalising. Effects are small but may be due to this type of attachment styles personality.
-compared secure and insecure ambivalent.
Different pattern to avoidant, showing not all insecure children are same. Low in social competence and high in negative temperament. Not an effect on externalising and internalising.
Why does attachment last?
Psychological response to stress is permanently affected by early experiences of attachment.-HPA axis
Epigenetic changes to stress genes permanently change expression
What is the theory of mind? (Tom)
- the understanding that we all have mental states (emotions, desires, intentions, beliefs)
- the under that mental states drive human behaviour
- develops slowly over a long period
- understand that someone else’s mental states are different and separate to your own
What are the four mental states of theory of mind
Emotions
Desires
Intentions
Beliefs (can be false beliefs)
What is the false beliefs task (tom)
Beliefs can be false, we can sometimes learn to believe the wrong thing
This is a aspect of meta cognition where we understand our own limitations
Joseph perner false belief task assesses the ability of children to infer a false belief.
- acts out a story and child watches.
= moveable object is put in box. And then put in basket. Where does teddy think marble is? Teddy has false belief as thinks its in the box
- three year olds mostly think the teddy thinks the marble is in the basket. Don’t understand the belief can be false
- four yr olds pass task
What is autism?
Neurodevelopmental disorder that emerges in early childhood which genes contribute to
Life long conditions which isnt as obvious at birth
- 3 in 1000 ( more commonly boys)
- cause: unknown. So must be diagnosed by behaviour
What are he behaviours of autistic people
Difficulty in social interaction
Difficulty in language and communication
Restricted and repetitive behaviours
= complex and varied
How do autistic individuals find the false belief task?
Fail this, long after typical development of children.
It s suggested that poor tom leads to autism. Which explains difficulty in social interaction and language and communication but not restricted and repetitive behaviours
Ronald et al 3 impairments dont correlate so if symptoms dont go together…
What is moral development?
Morality is the process we use to label human behaviour as right or wrong
Psychology of morality as three components:
- Emotions about self and others (emotion drives and reason guides)
- Cognition the evaluation of if they are right or wrong. Traditional view- thinking not feelig action
- Behaviour of what we do
Whatis Piagets theory of morality ?
Interested in how moral decisions are made ad not what ones are made
- pre moral 0-6yrs
- 1) moral realism 7-10yrs
- 2)moral relativism 10+yrs
