L10- Atypical Psychology

Question 1

What is the difference between DSM|V and DSMV

Answer 1

New features: lifespan approach, cultural context, more distinct chapters and more linking to distinct disorders.

DSMV now includes

• some dimensionality
• some syndromes
• includes cultural context
• each chapter has a chronological approach

Question 2

Criticism of the DSM

Answer 2

It labels symptoms ; false sense of security of having a label explains whats wrong but actually the symptoms are what is wrong. Its just a way to get to some sort of support after diagnosis

Pathologising normal experiences; everyone experiences some bad emotions sometimes. Cant jump to calling someone depressed if they are sad once

Too reliant on medical interventions

Reliability

Question 3

What is stigma of mental health

Answer 3

🗣Crisp et al 2000
1700 people; questionaires on perception of those with mental health disorders

• people with MHD are dangerous
• issues such as eating disorders and substance abuse are viewed a self conflicted
• people with mental health problems are hard to talk to

🗣Ben-Zeeve et al. 2010.
-describes three types of stigma
=
- public stigma
-self stigma
-label avoidance

Question 4

Three types of stigma:

Answer 4

• public stigma
• self stigma
• label avoidance

By Ben-Zeeve 2010

Question 5

How common are health problems

Answer 5

APMS 2007:
1 in 4 people have has at least one mental health disorder

APMS 2014 found within 1993 and 2014 there was a 20% rise in mhd numbers

Question 6

What are the four psychological models?

Answer 6

-psychoanalysis model=
Freud
Defence mechanisms
Difficult to test

-behavioural model
Skinner etc
Behaviour therapy
Not applicable to all disorders

-cognitive model
Beck
Cbt
Most widely used

-humanist model
Rogers
Client centred therapy
Difficult to test

Question 7

Two types of medical treatment?

Answer 7

The medical model has two types of medical treatment

-pharmacology
-electroconvulsive therapy (ECT
Most widely used)
Now for only drug resistant depression

Question 8

What is the definition of mental health?

Answer 8

• easier to define when you dont have mental health
• abnormal psychology: ‘not normal’ or when behaviour goes wrong.
• WHO definition: “a state of week being whereby individuals recognise their abilities, are able to cope with normal stresses of life, work productively and fruitfully to make a contribution to their communities

Question 9

How has the perception of mental health issues changed over time

Answer 9

-drastically more accepted

Perception of what was a MHD used to be gay and also brain damage.

Question 10

How has the treatment for mental health disorders changed?

Answer 10

• blood letting
• cutting brain parts and body parts out
• asylums
• shocktherapy

Question 11

What are the models for explaining MHD? How these have changed over time

Answer 11

Demonology, to a medical model (biological causes), to a psychological model (underlying cognitive causes)

Today, biological and psychological are considered.

Question 12

Why are psychological models difficult to test?

Answer 12

• measurement

- self selection

Question 13

What is the most common mental health disorder?

Answer 13

Anxiety disorders

Question 14

How much of the population has anxiety disorders and where are these more common?

Answer 14

7% of the population

• western culture
• women
• young adults

Question 15

What are the symptoms of general anxiety disorder?

Answer 15

Two categories

Mental- excessive worry, specifically about all aspects of life
Physical- increase HR, sweating stomach upset

Types of symptoms;
Restlessness
Fatigue
Irritability
Muscle tension
Sleep disturbance
Difficulty in concentrating

Question 16

What is Eysencks theory to explain “worry”- GAD

Answer 16

Worry serves an ‘alarm function’
-directs attention to potentially threatening stimuli

Based on this, several studies have found GAD participants demonstrate attentional biases.
-dot probe task
-emotional stroop task
= both findings suggest participants with GAD spend more time attending to anxiety related words

Question 17

What is the treatment for those with General Anxiety disorder

Answer 17

CBT (psychological) and Benzodiazepines (pharmacological)

Question 18

What is social anxiety disorder and its treatments?

Answer 18

Specifically related to excessive worry about social situations

Treatment is CBT (psychological) and antidepressants (pharmacological)

Question 19

What is panic disorder and what is the treatment of this?

Answer 19

Panic disorder is specifically related to episodic attacks of acute anxiety

David clark 1986 said it is a catastrophic misinterpretation

Treat is CBT (psychological) and anti depressant for pharmacological)

Question 20

How many people have depressive disorders and who are they more common in?

Answer 20

350 million people worldwide have depression (WHO)

Most common in women

Question 21

Symptoms of major depressive disorder?

Answer 21

• depressed mood
• rumination about death
• feelings of worthlessness
• apathy
• lethargy
• changes in appetite
• sleep disturbance
• psychomotor agitation

Question 22

What did Aaron beck contribute to major depressive disorder

Answer 22

• said it had disordered thinking
• cognitive triad, negative thinking of ones self in present and future
• beck depression inventory

Question 23

What treatment is there for Major depressive disorder

Answer 23

Psychological; cbt

Pharmacological; antidepressants (tricyclics and serotonin selective re-uptake inhibitors (ssris))

Question 24

What is bipolar disorder and what treatment is used?

Answer 24

Where an idividual has episodes of mania and depression
mania is excessive elation
Depression is excessive negative thought

Three types type 1 type 11 and unipolar. The fluctuation of mania and depression varies depending on which is diagnosed.

Worthy to note that they do experience happiness for periods of time, but sometimes shorter than other bipolar disorders

Treatment is pharmacological - lithium carbonate

Question 25

What are the symptoms of schizophrenia ?

Answer 25

-positive symptoms
} Thought disorders 
} Hallucinations
} Delusions
- Negative symptoms 
} Anhedonia
} Social withdrawal

Question 26

Causes and treatment of schizophrenia

Answer 26

Causes:

• genetic
• dopamine hypothesis
• environmental factors

Treatment:
-pharmacological =
Antipsychotics (chlorpromazine)
But this only treats positve symptoms

Question 27

How many people have schizophrenic disorders? More common in who?

Answer 27

21 mill

More common in urban areas and low ses
Sch is genetic but these areas are more likely to bring out the symptoms of it

Question 28

What are the three clusters of perosnality disorders

Answer 28

Cluster a
= schizotypal and paranoid
Cluster b
=antisocial and narcissistic
Cluster c
=avoidant and dependant
General
=everything else

Question 29

Psychopathy symptoms and treatment

Answer 29

Two catagories

Antisocial- criminality, responsibility
Affective- lack of guilt superficial charm

Treatment
Psychological - anger management or deviant sexual behaviour (not to cure psychopathy but to help aid parts of psychopathy which are related to the individual.

Question 30

What did Robert hare contribute to psychopathy?

Answer 30

• reduced anticipatory fear

- psychopathy checklist revised