L10- Atypical Psychology Flashcards
What is the difference between DSM|V and DSMV
New features: lifespan approach, cultural context, more distinct chapters and more linking to distinct disorders.
DSMV now includes
- some dimensionality
- some syndromes
- includes cultural context
- each chapter has a chronological approach
Criticism of the DSM
It labels symptoms ; false sense of security of having a label explains whats wrong but actually the symptoms are what is wrong. Its just a way to get to some sort of support after diagnosis
Pathologising normal experiences; everyone experiences some bad emotions sometimes. Cant jump to calling someone depressed if they are sad once
Too reliant on medical interventions
Reliability
What is stigma of mental health
🗣Crisp et al 2000
1700 people; questionaires on perception of those with mental health disorders
- people with MHD are dangerous
- issues such as eating disorders and substance abuse are viewed a self conflicted
- people with mental health problems are hard to talk to
🗣Ben-Zeeve et al. 2010. -describes three types of stigma = - public stigma -self stigma -label avoidance
Three types of stigma:
- public stigma
- self stigma
- label avoidance
By Ben-Zeeve 2010
How common are health problems
APMS 2007:
1 in 4 people have has at least one mental health disorder
APMS 2014 found within 1993 and 2014 there was a 20% rise in mhd numbers
What are the four psychological models?
-psychoanalysis model=
Freud
Defence mechanisms
Difficult to test
-behavioural model
Skinner etc
Behaviour therapy
Not applicable to all disorders
-cognitive model
Beck
Cbt
Most widely used
-humanist model
Rogers
Client centred therapy
Difficult to test
Two types of medical treatment?
The medical model has two types of medical treatment
-pharmacology
-electroconvulsive therapy (ECT
Most widely used)
Now for only drug resistant depression
What is the definition of mental health?
- easier to define when you dont have mental health
- abnormal psychology: ‘not normal’ or when behaviour goes wrong.
- WHO definition: “a state of week being whereby individuals recognise their abilities, are able to cope with normal stresses of life, work productively and fruitfully to make a contribution to their communities
How has the perception of mental health issues changed over time
-drastically more accepted
Perception of what was a MHD used to be gay and also brain damage.
How has the treatment for mental health disorders changed?
- blood letting
- cutting brain parts and body parts out
- asylums
- shocktherapy
What are the models for explaining MHD? How these have changed over time
Demonology, to a medical model (biological causes), to a psychological model (underlying cognitive causes)
Today, biological and psychological are considered.
Why are psychological models difficult to test?
- measurement
- self selection
What is the most common mental health disorder?
Anxiety disorders
How much of the population has anxiety disorders and where are these more common?
7% of the population
- western culture
- women
- young adults
What are the symptoms of general anxiety disorder?
Two categories
Mental- excessive worry, specifically about all aspects of life
Physical- increase HR, sweating stomach upset
Types of symptoms; Restlessness Fatigue Irritability Muscle tension Sleep disturbance Difficulty in concentrating
What is Eysencks theory to explain “worry”- GAD
Worry serves an ‘alarm function’
-directs attention to potentially threatening stimuli
Based on this, several studies have found GAD participants demonstrate attentional biases.
-dot probe task
-emotional stroop task
= both findings suggest participants with GAD spend more time attending to anxiety related words
What is the treatment for those with General Anxiety disorder
CBT (psychological) and Benzodiazepines (pharmacological)
What is social anxiety disorder and its treatments?
Specifically related to excessive worry about social situations
Treatment is CBT (psychological) and antidepressants (pharmacological)
What is panic disorder and what is the treatment of this?
Panic disorder is specifically related to episodic attacks of acute anxiety
David clark 1986 said it is a catastrophic misinterpretation
Treat is CBT (psychological) and anti depressant for pharmacological)
How many people have depressive disorders and who are they more common in?
350 million people worldwide have depression (WHO)
Most common in women
Symptoms of major depressive disorder?
- depressed mood
- rumination about death
- feelings of worthlessness
- apathy
- lethargy
- changes in appetite
- sleep disturbance
- psychomotor agitation
What did Aaron beck contribute to major depressive disorder
- said it had disordered thinking
- cognitive triad, negative thinking of ones self in present and future
- beck depression inventory
What treatment is there for Major depressive disorder
Psychological; cbt
Pharmacological; antidepressants (tricyclics and serotonin selective re-uptake inhibitors (ssris))
What is bipolar disorder and what treatment is used?
Where an idividual has episodes of mania and depression
mania is excessive elation
Depression is excessive negative thought
Three types type 1 type 11 and unipolar. The fluctuation of mania and depression varies depending on which is diagnosed.
Worthy to note that they do experience happiness for periods of time, but sometimes shorter than other bipolar disorders
Treatment is pharmacological - lithium carbonate
What are the symptoms of schizophrenia ?
-positive symptoms } Thought disorders } Hallucinations } Delusions - Negative symptoms } Anhedonia } Social withdrawal
Causes and treatment of schizophrenia
Causes:
- genetic
- dopamine hypothesis
- environmental factors
Treatment:
-pharmacological =
Antipsychotics (chlorpromazine)
But this only treats positve symptoms
How many people have schizophrenic disorders? More common in who?
21 mill
More common in urban areas and low ses
Sch is genetic but these areas are more likely to bring out the symptoms of it
What are the three clusters of perosnality disorders
Cluster a = schizotypal and paranoid Cluster b =antisocial and narcissistic Cluster c =avoidant and dependant General =everything else
Psychopathy symptoms and treatment
Two catagories
Antisocial- criminality, responsibility
Affective- lack of guilt superficial charm
Treatment
Psychological - anger management or deviant sexual behaviour (not to cure psychopathy but to help aid parts of psychopathy which are related to the individual.
What did Robert hare contribute to psychopathy?
- reduced anticipatory fear
- psychopathy checklist revised
