L7-L10 Flashcards
What is the structure that is directly anterior to the Central Sulcus (that separates the frontal and parietal lobes) that is located in the Precentral Gyrus?
Primary Motor Cortex
Structure on the lateral surface of each frontal lobe, anterior to the central sulcus is
Precentral Gyrus
What is the cortex close to our eyes?
OrbitoFrontal Cortex
What is the structure that is beneath the OrbitoFrontal cortex and is responsible for receiving neural input about odours detected by cells in the nasal cavity?
Olfactory Bulb
Primary motor cortex is involved in focal skilled … that is learned EARLY in development
Focal skilled movements of arms, hands, mouth etc
Primary motor cortex is part of (A) next to the (B) also called the Motor Strip
A: precentral gyrus
B: central sulcus
Fritsch and Hitzig used an anesthetized dog to find out that its mouth, paws and limbs moved on the OPPOSITE side of body. This characteristic is called …
CONTRALATERAL
Topographical representation of the body by a neural area, also called a Little Person is …
HOMUNCULUS
Topographic organization:
- Correspondence between (A) areas and body parts they represent
- Areas of motor that control hands, fingers, lips and tongue are (B) larger than other parts
A: Neural
B: disproportionately
Early idea of movement:
- each part of the (A) controls (B) in that part of the body
- neurons in the appropriate part of the (A) activate body (B)
A: homunculus
B: muscles
Recent experiments of movement:
- motor cortex represents a REPERTOIRE of … CATEGORIES that can be modified by learning/practice
Movement
Most of our motor learning is mastering … of ACTION
Sequences
Frontal lobe involvement:
… PLANS complex behaviour
Prefrontal Cortex
Frontal lobe involvement:
… cortex ORGANIZES the appropriate movement SEQUENCES
Premotor Cortex
Frontal lobe involvement:
… cortex SPECIFIES how each movement is to be EXECUTED
Primary Motor Cortex
Premotor cortex
- (A) movement sequences
- Selects behaviour in response to (B) cues
- Increased activity when cues are associated with (C)
A: prepares
B: external
C: movement
Damage to PREMOTOR cortex results in disorders of … and difficulty performing movements in response to verbal commands
Volition
… damage distorts representations on BOTH sides, which contribute equally, resulting in degraded performance
Bilateral
Bilateral damage can cause …
- absence of voluntary movement or speech
- patient appears alert
- unable to speak or move
- increasingly passive behaviour
Akinetic Mutism
… is the LARGEST of the 3 frontal divisons
Prefrontal Cortex
Which frontal division is involved in:
- Executive functions
- Personality
- Social behaviour
Prefrontal Cortex
What are the 3 major subdivisions of the Prefrontal Cortex?
- OrbitoFrontal
- Lateral (dorso, ventro lateral)
- Medial (drose, ventro medial)
Where is the DorsoLateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) located?
It is right in front of the Anterior Premotor Cortex
Damage to DLPFC leads to problems with … functioning (2)
Executive
- goal-directed behaviour
- sustained attention
Planning, problem solving, attention, emotional and behavioural problems are symptoms of … Syndrome
DysExecutive
Phineas Gage was a railway worker who damaged his OrbiFrontal lobe due to an iron rod penetrating through it.
- He showed no problems with language and memory,
- but his personality completely changed.
What does this tell us about the functions of the OrbitoFrontal cortex? (4)
the OrbitoFrontal cortex is responsible for:
- Emotional regulation (close links to the Limbic system)
- Impulse control
- Decision making
- Reward evaluation
Acquired Sociopathy is caused by damage to the … cortex
OrbitoFrontal
Parietal lobe is divided into 2 functional zones. What processing are they each responsible for?
- Anterior: sensory processing
- Posterior: spatial processing
What 2 subdivisions does the Anterior Parietal lobe contain?
- Homunculus
- Somatosensory Cortex
What 2 subdivisions does the Posterior Parietal lobe contain?
- Superior parietal Lobule
- Inferior parietal Lobule
What are the 2 parts of the inferior parietal lobule within the posterior parietal lobe?
- Supramarginal gyrus
- Angular Gyrus
A ridge on the surface of the brain that increase the SURFACE AREA for more neurons is …
Gyrus
Somatosensory Strip and the Motor Strip together make up the …
Homunculus
What are the 3 key functions of the Parietal lobe?
- Sensory processing and integration
- Spatial awareness and perception - PRROPRIOCPETION
- Motor Planning
Which lobe is responsible for proprioception?
parietal
Along with the motor cortex in the Frontal lobe, … lobe is responsible for motor planning
Parietal
Disturbances of motor planning is …
Apraxia
What is Verbal Apraxia? Damage to which cortex causes this?
Impairment with speaking
- caused by Parietal cortex damage
Due to disturbances of spatial processing, this condition happens often after a stroke by the Right Parietal Cortex.
HEMI-spatial NEGLECT
Somatosensory disorders are caused by damage in …
the Parietal cortex
A patient is asked to draw a flower. He draws only a half part of the flower, but does not notice the problem with it.
He has no issue with the visual cortex (the occipital lobe).
What condition does he have? Which part of his brain has been damaged?
Hemi-Spatial Neglect due to damage in Parietal cortex
Unawareness or denial of illness is called … which is caused by damage to the … cortex
Anosognosia (=without knowledge)
- parietal
Loss of body ownership is called … which is caused by damage to the … cortex
ASOMATOGnosia
- p
ANOSOdiaPHORIA is caused by parietal lobe damage. What is this condition?
indifference to illness
Asymbolia is caused by parietal cortex damage, a loss of the power to understand previously familiar symbols and signs What is this?
absence of normal reactions to pain
Inability to point to fingers or show them to examiner is …
Finger Agnosia
Agnosia in greek is
Without Knowledge
… refers to the HIGHER-ORDER cognitive control process for the attainment of a specific goal.
Executive Function (EF)
What are the 3 subcomponents of EF?
- Inhibition
- Cognitive Shifting
- Working Memory
Which cortex plays an important role in EF?
Lateral PreFrontal Cortex
EF enables us to
- Plan and successfully (A) tasks
- Consider long and (B) term goals
- Respond appropriately to (C) or different situations
- Inhibit inappropriate responses = (D) control
A: Execute
B: Short
C: New
D: Impulse
Which function provides TOP-DOWN control for behaviour?
Central Executive
EF is the … Control System of the brain:
- decision making
- FOCUSING on tasks
- keeping IMPORTANT info in mind
- FILTERING irrelevant info
- solving problems
- thinking FLEXIBLY
- reacting APPROPRIATELY
Air-Traffic
The DorsoLateral PreForntal Cortex is located above …
the Orbital Prefrontal Cortex
The process that allows information processing and behaviour to vary adaptively from moment to moment depending on current goals, rather than remaining rigid and inflexible is … of the Frontal lobe
Cognitive Control System
Damage to which area results in stark difficulties with MULITASKING on everyday tasks?
To the Frontal Lobe
Sleep time varies in species by
- (A) needed to obtain food
- risk of (B)
A: Time
B: predation
Humans spend … of their lives asleep
1/3
Average human sleep times gradually … as we age:
- Newborns: up to 18 hours
- Adolescents: 9-10 hours
Decrease
Neural timing system to control or initiate behaviour and physiological processes and allows animals to anticipate and prepare for future events (birds migrating) is called …
the BIOLOGICAL CLOCK (rhythm)
What is the 24-hour 11minutes cycle that are part of the body’s internal clock, running in the background to regulate feeding times, sleeping times and metabolic activity?
Circadian Rhythms
Circadian rhythms:
- human circadian rhythm is based on (A) activity and (B) sleep or simply said, LIGHT and DARK cycle
A: daylight
B: nocturnal
Rhythmically occurring natural phenomenon which acts as a cue in circadian regulation is
ZEITgeBERS
Light and Dark cycle regulates the sleep-wake cycle by the (A)’s synthesis and release of (B)
A: Pineal Gland
B: Melatonin
Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome is when one …
- has no trouble maintaing sleep
- must fit lives around the disorder
When are cortisols released during our Circadian Rhythm?
When we wake up
When do we have the highest and lowest body temperature during our Circadian Rhythm?
The moment we fall sleep
Before waking up
When are Melatonins secreted during our Circadian Rhythm?
When we are sleeping, before the Deep sleep
What is the two small paired NUCLEI in the HYPOTHALAMUS (just above the optic chiasm)?
SupraChiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
This structure:
- regulates most CIRCADIAN rhythms in the body
- receives information about LIGHT from the RETINA
- has cells that maintain their on rhythm
SupraChiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
Damage to SCN will cause …
obliteration of regular sleep-wake cycle
Multiple … neurinal tracts project to the SupraChiasmatic Nuclues
Afferent- PNS to CNS (motor)
SCN cells are more (A) active and show increased (B) activity during LIGHT period
A: electrically
B: metabolic
- EEG measures (A) activity
- EMG measures (B) activity
- EOG measures (C) movements
A: brainwave
B: muscle
C: Eye
Cycles per second is measured in
Hertz
BATSD stands for
Beta
Alpha
Theta
Spindles
Delta
Waking state release … waves
beta (14-30Hz)
Relaxed state with retained muscle tone and closed eyes release … waves
alpha (8-14Hz)
Drowsy state releases … waves
Theta (4-7Hz)
Brief bursts of brain activity occurs after the (A) state and releases (B)
A: drowsy
B: Sleep Spindles (11-16Hz)
Deep sleep with no eye movement releases … waves and is also called Slow Wave sleep
Delta (01-4Hz)
How many stages does the non-REM sleep consist of? How long are each of them?
3 stages
N1. 1-5 minute - Alpha and Theta
N2. 10-25 mins - Shallow sleep, Theta and Spindles
N3. 20-40 mins - Deep sleep, Delta waves
What does REM stand for?
Rapid Eye Movement
When does the REM sleep begin?
around 90mins into sleep
EEG patterns of REM sleep resembles … waves of Wakefulness
Beta
The sleep cycle:
N1-> N2->N3->REM->(A)->N3->(B)->N2
A: N2
B: REM
Sleep state changes between NREM and REM in cycles of … minutes
around 90
Proportion of cycle in REM … later into sleep
increases
Human adults spend approx. … % of sleep time in REM
25%
NREM or REM:
- slow heart and respiratory rate
- increased growth of hormone release
NREM
NREM or REM:
- sleep-walking
- night terrors
NREM
NREM or REM:
- vivid dreams
REM
NREM or REM:
- fluctuating and increasing heart and respiratory rate
REM
Complete muscle inactivity apart from eye movements in REM is called…
Atonia
Sleep regions of (A) INHIBIT (B) neurons during Atonia
A: brainstem
B: motor
What are the 4 theories of sleeping?
- Restoration (of energy)
- Survival
- Simulation
- Learning (information processing)
Amount of Slow Wave Sleep (deep sleep) … with amount of exercise during the day
correlates
Predatory animals sleep … than prey animals
more
NREM (A) energy
REM allows restock of (B) to be used during wakefulness
A: conserves
b: neurotransmitters
“Horses sleep 3 hours and Koala bears 19 hours.”
Which sleep theory does this undermine?
Restoration
What is the theory that sleep restores, repairs and rebuilds our brains and bodies?
Physiological repair theory of restoration
This sleep theory states that sleep protects organisms that cannot see well in low light.
Survival
Malcom-Smith et al investigated that sleep allows us to rehearse threatening events and threat avoidance. Which sleep theory is this?
Threat Stimulation theory
What are the 3 main integral role that sleep plays in learning and consolidating memories?
- Rehearsal
- Forgetting
- Insight and Restructuring
Which sleep theory supports that learning improves after sleep due to reactivation of memories during sleep?
Information processing
Which sleep theory suggests that REM sleep erases spurious synaptic associations between neurons?
Information processing
“Should you pull an all-nighter?” by Walker and Stickgold shows that 40% of difference was observed between sleep-deprived and sleep group in the ability to form new memories and learn information. What does this tell us about sleep memory and learning?
We need sleep both after and before learning
Subjective experience during sleep, consisting of complexed and organized images that show temporal progression is
Dreaming
NREM sleep dreams are … vivid, except for night terrors
LESS
What are the 4 theories of dreaming?
- Psychodynamic
- Random Brain Activity
- Evolutionary
- Neurocognitive
Sigmund Freud characterized dreams as (A) fulfilment and symbolic of (B) desires or urges in the (C) theory of dreaming
A: wish
B: unconscious
C: psychodynamic
(A) content is remembered NARRATIVE of dream
and
(B) content is true underlying MEANING of dream
in Freud’s explanation
A: Manifest
B: Latent
Carl Jung suggested that different types of dreams reflect different levels of the (A)
and the (B) aspects of personality may appear
A: psyche
B: unconscious
This hypothesis of Hobson and McCarley suggests that
- dreams are produced by (A) activation of the brain during sleep
- the cortex is bombarded with signals from the (B) during REM sleep, producing pattern of a (C) EEG
Activation-Synthesis
A: periodical, random
B: Brainstem
C: waking
This theory of Revonsuo argues that dreams are
- biased toward threatening images and
- continuing problem-solving ability
Threat Simulation Theory
This theory of Domhoff argues that dreams are EMBODIED SIMULATION that is an accidental by-product of waking cognition, similar to daydreaming
Neurocognitive
What are 3 cognitive effects on staying awake?
- Mood swings
- Declined concentration
- Paranoia, delusions, hallucinations
Disorder of slow wave (deep) sleep resulting in prolonged inability to sleep
Insomnia
Uncontrollably falling sleep at inappropriate times due to abnormal REM sleep regulation that may involve disrupted DOPAMINE metabolism
Narcolepsy
Creutzfeldt-Jacob diesases is when…
- there are tiny (A) in the brain
- caused by abnormal (B) called prions
- it is GENETIC
A: holes
B: proteins
Atonia and dreaming when just falling asleep or waking up is
Sleep paralysis
Physically acting out your dreams (PARASOMNIA) unknowingly while you are sleep due to LOSS of ATONIA during REM is …
- reduction in dopamine
- Parkinson’s disease
REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder
Sleepwalking (SOMNambulism) and night terrors are examples of … which are actions performed during sleep
Parasomnias
Compared brain activity for Real, Imagined, and Dreamed hand movements eliciting ACTIVATION in the (A) Cortex led to evidence for (B)
Sensorimotor
Lucid dreaming
The Circadian rhythm is … generated meaning that it comes from programmed mechanisms in our brain and persists even in the absence of external cues
ENDOGENOUSLY
