Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Brain and Behaviour > L7-L10 > Flashcards

L7-L10 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
The Brain flashcards
1
Q

What is the structure that is directly anterior to the Central Sulcus (that separates the frontal and parietal lobes) that is located in the Precentral Gyrus?

A

Primary Motor Cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Structure on the lateral surface of each frontal lobe, anterior to the central sulcus is

A

Precentral Gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the cortex close to our eyes?

A

OrbitoFrontal Cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the structure that is beneath the OrbitoFrontal cortex and is responsible for receiving neural input about odours detected by cells in the nasal cavity?

A

Olfactory Bulb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Primary motor cortex is involved in focal skilled … that is learned EARLY in development

A

Focal skilled movements of arms, hands, mouth etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Primary motor cortex is part of (A) next to the (B) also called the Motor Strip

A

A: precentral gyrus
B: central sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Fritsch and Hitzig used an anesthetized dog to find out that its mouth, paws and limbs moved on the OPPOSITE side of body. This characteristic is called …

A

CONTRALATERAL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Topographical representation of the body by a neural area, also called a Little Person is …

A

HOMUNCULUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Topographic organization:

  • Correspondence between (A) areas and body parts they represent
  • Areas of motor that control hands, fingers, lips and tongue are (B) larger than other parts
A

A: Neural

B: disproportionately

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Early idea of movement:

  • each part of the (A) controls (B) in that part of the body
  • neurons in the appropriate part of the (A) activate body (B)
A

A: homunculus

B: muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Recent experiments of movement:

  • motor cortex represents a REPERTOIRE of … CATEGORIES that can be modified by learning/practice
A

Movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Most of our motor learning is mastering … of ACTION

A

Sequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Frontal lobe involvement:

… PLANS complex behaviour

A

Prefrontal Cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Frontal lobe involvement:

… cortex ORGANIZES the appropriate movement SEQUENCES

A

Premotor Cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Frontal lobe involvement:

… cortex SPECIFIES how each movement is to be EXECUTED

A

Primary Motor Cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Premotor cortex

  1. (A) movement sequences
  2. Selects behaviour in response to (B) cues
  3. Increased activity when cues are associated with (C)
A

A: prepares

B: external

C: movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Damage to PREMOTOR cortex results in disorders of … and difficulty performing movements in response to verbal commands

A

Volition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

… damage distorts representations on BOTH sides, which contribute equally, resulting in degraded performance

A

Bilateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Bilateral damage can cause …

  • absence of voluntary movement or speech
  • patient appears alert
  • unable to speak or move
  • increasingly passive behaviour
A

Akinetic Mutism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

… is the LARGEST of the 3 frontal divisons

A

Prefrontal Cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which frontal division is involved in:

  • Executive functions
  • Personality
  • Social behaviour
A

Prefrontal Cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the 3 major subdivisions of the Prefrontal Cortex?

A
  1. OrbitoFrontal
  2. Lateral (dorso, ventro lateral)
  3. Medial (drose, ventro medial)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where is the DorsoLateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) located?

A

It is right in front of the Anterior Premotor Cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Damage to DLPFC leads to problems with … functioning (2)

A

Executive
- goal-directed behaviour
- sustained attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Planning, problem solving, attention, emotional and behavioural problems are symptoms of … Syndrome

A

DysExecutive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Phineas Gage was a railway worker who damaged his OrbiFrontal lobe due to an iron rod penetrating through it.

  • He showed no problems with language and memory,
  • but his personality completely changed.

What does this tell us about the functions of the OrbitoFrontal cortex? (4)

A

the OrbitoFrontal cortex is responsible for:

  1. Emotional regulation (close links to the Limbic system)
  2. Impulse control
  3. Decision making
  4. Reward evaluation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Acquired Sociopathy is caused by damage to the … cortex

A

OrbitoFrontal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Parietal lobe is divided into 2 functional zones. What processing are they each responsible for?

A
  1. Anterior: sensory processing
  2. Posterior: spatial processing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What 2 subdivisions does the Anterior Parietal lobe contain?

A
  1. Homunculus
  2. Somatosensory Cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What 2 subdivisions does the Posterior Parietal lobe contain?

A
  1. Superior parietal Lobule
  2. Inferior parietal Lobule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the 2 parts of the inferior parietal lobule within the posterior parietal lobe?

A
  1. Supramarginal gyrus
  2. Angular Gyrus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

A ridge on the surface of the brain that increase the SURFACE AREA for more neurons is …

A

Gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Somatosensory Strip and the Motor Strip together make up the …

A

Homunculus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the 3 key functions of the Parietal lobe?

A
  1. Sensory processing and integration
  2. Spatial awareness and perception - PRROPRIOCPETION
  3. Motor Planning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Which lobe is responsible for proprioception?

A

parietal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Along with the motor cortex in the Frontal lobe, … lobe is responsible for motor planning

A

Parietal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Disturbances of motor planning is …

A

Apraxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is Verbal Apraxia? Damage to which cortex causes this?

A

Impairment with speaking
- caused by Parietal cortex damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Due to disturbances of spatial processing, this condition happens often after a stroke by the Right Parietal Cortex.

A

HEMI-spatial NEGLECT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Somatosensory disorders are caused by damage in …

A

the Parietal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

A patient is asked to draw a flower. He draws only a half part of the flower, but does not notice the problem with it.

He has no issue with the visual cortex (the occipital lobe).

What condition does he have? Which part of his brain has been damaged?

A

Hemi-Spatial Neglect due to damage in Parietal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Unawareness or denial of illness is called … which is caused by damage to the … cortex

A

Anosognosia (=without knowledge)
- parietal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Loss of body ownership is called … which is caused by damage to the … cortex

A

ASOMATOGnosia
- p

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

ANOSOdiaPHORIA is caused by parietal lobe damage. What is this condition?

A

indifference to illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Asymbolia is caused by parietal cortex damage, a loss of the power to understand previously familiar symbols and signs What is this?

A

absence of normal reactions to pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Inability to point to fingers or show them to examiner is …

A

Finger Agnosia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Agnosia in greek is

A

Without Knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

… refers to the HIGHER-ORDER cognitive control process for the attainment of a specific goal.

A

Executive Function (EF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are the 3 subcomponents of EF?

A
  1. Inhibition
  2. Cognitive Shifting
  3. Working Memory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Which cortex plays an important role in EF?

A

Lateral PreFrontal Cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

EF enables us to

  1. Plan and successfully (A) tasks
  2. Consider long and (B) term goals
  3. Respond appropriately to (C) or different situations
  4. Inhibit inappropriate responses = (D) control
A

A: Execute

B: Short

C: New

D: Impulse

51
Q

Which function provides TOP-DOWN control for behaviour?

A

Central Executive

52
Q

EF is the … Control System of the brain:

  • decision making
  • FOCUSING on tasks
  • keeping IMPORTANT info in mind
  • FILTERING irrelevant info
  • solving problems
  • thinking FLEXIBLY
  • reacting APPROPRIATELY
A

Air-Traffic

53
Q

The DorsoLateral PreForntal Cortex is located above …

A

the Orbital Prefrontal Cortex

54
Q

The process that allows information processing and behaviour to vary adaptively from moment to moment depending on current goals, rather than remaining rigid and inflexible is … of the Frontal lobe

A

Cognitive Control System

55
Q

Damage to which area results in stark difficulties with MULITASKING on everyday tasks?

A

To the Frontal Lobe

56
Q

Sleep time varies in species by

  • (A) needed to obtain food
  • risk of (B)
A

A: Time

B: predation

57
Q

Humans spend … of their lives asleep

A

1/3

58
Q

Average human sleep times gradually … as we age:

  • Newborns: up to 18 hours
  • Adolescents: 9-10 hours
A

Decrease

59
Q

Neural timing system to control or initiate behaviour and physiological processes and allows animals to anticipate and prepare for future events (birds migrating) is called …

A

the BIOLOGICAL CLOCK (rhythm)

60
Q

What is the 24-hour 11minutes cycle that are part of the body’s internal clock, running in the background to regulate feeding times, sleeping times and metabolic activity?

A

Circadian Rhythms

61
Q

Circadian rhythms:

  • human circadian rhythm is based on (A) activity and (B) sleep or simply said, LIGHT and DARK cycle
A

A: daylight

B: nocturnal

62
Q

Rhythmically occurring natural phenomenon which acts as a cue in circadian regulation is

A

ZEITgeBERS

63
Q

Light and Dark cycle regulates the sleep-wake cycle by the (A)’s synthesis and release of (B)

A

A: Pineal Gland

B: Melatonin

64
Q

Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome is when one …

A
  • has no trouble maintaing sleep
  • must fit lives around the disorder
65
Q

When are cortisols released during our Circadian Rhythm?

A

When we wake up

66
Q

When do we have the highest and lowest body temperature during our Circadian Rhythm?

A

The moment we fall sleep

Before waking up

67
Q

When are Melatonins secreted during our Circadian Rhythm?

A

When we are sleeping, before the Deep sleep

68
Q

What is the two small paired NUCLEI in the HYPOTHALAMUS (just above the optic chiasm)?

A

SupraChiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

69
Q

This structure:

  • regulates most CIRCADIAN rhythms in the body
  • receives information about LIGHT from the RETINA
  • has cells that maintain their on rhythm
A

SupraChiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

70
Q

Damage to SCN will cause …

A

obliteration of regular sleep-wake cycle

71
Q

Multiple … neurinal tracts project to the SupraChiasmatic Nuclues

A

Afferent- PNS to CNS (motor)

72
Q

SCN cells are more (A) active and show increased (B) activity during LIGHT period

A

A: electrically

B: metabolic

73
Q
  • EEG measures (A) activity
  • EMG measures (B) activity
  • EOG measures (C) movements
A

A: brainwave

B: muscle

C: Eye

74
Q

Cycles per second is measured in

A

Hertz

75
Q

BATSD stands for

A

Beta
Alpha
Theta
Spindles
Delta

76
Q

Waking state release … waves

A

beta (14-30Hz)

77
Q

Relaxed state with retained muscle tone and closed eyes release … waves

A

alpha (8-14Hz)

78
Q

Drowsy state releases … waves

A

Theta (4-7Hz)

79
Q

Brief bursts of brain activity occurs after the (A) state and releases (B)

A

A: drowsy

B: Sleep Spindles (11-16Hz)

80
Q

Deep sleep with no eye movement releases … waves and is also called Slow Wave sleep

A

Delta (01-4Hz)

81
Q

How many stages does the non-REM sleep consist of? How long are each of them?

A

3 stages

N1. 1-5 minute - Alpha and Theta

N2. 10-25 mins - Shallow sleep, Theta and Spindles

N3. 20-40 mins - Deep sleep, Delta waves

82
Q

What does REM stand for?

A

Rapid Eye Movement

83
Q

When does the REM sleep begin?

A

around 90mins into sleep

84
Q

EEG patterns of REM sleep resembles … waves of Wakefulness

A

Beta

85
Q

The sleep cycle:

N1-> N2->N3->REM->(A)->N3->(B)->N2

A

A: N2

B: REM

86
Q

Sleep state changes between NREM and REM in cycles of … minutes

A

around 90

87
Q

Proportion of cycle in REM … later into sleep

A

increases

88
Q

Human adults spend approx. … % of sleep time in REM

A

25%

89
Q

NREM or REM:

  • slow heart and respiratory rate
  • increased growth of hormone release
A

NREM

90
Q

NREM or REM:

  • sleep-walking
  • night terrors
A

NREM

91
Q

NREM or REM:

  • vivid dreams
A

REM

92
Q

NREM or REM:

  • fluctuating and increasing heart and respiratory rate
A

REM

93
Q

Complete muscle inactivity apart from eye movements in REM is called…

A

Atonia

94
Q

Sleep regions of (A) INHIBIT (B) neurons during Atonia

A

A: brainstem

B: motor

95
Q

What are the 4 theories of sleeping?

A
  1. Restoration (of energy)
  2. Survival
  3. Simulation
  4. Learning (information processing)
96
Q

Amount of Slow Wave Sleep (deep sleep) … with amount of exercise during the day

A

correlates

97
Q

Predatory animals sleep … than prey animals

A

more

98
Q

NREM (A) energy

REM allows restock of (B) to be used during wakefulness

A

A: conserves

b: neurotransmitters

99
Q

“Horses sleep 3 hours and Koala bears 19 hours.”

Which sleep theory does this undermine?

A

Restoration

100
Q

What is the theory that sleep restores, repairs and rebuilds our brains and bodies?

A

Physiological repair theory of restoration

101
Q

This sleep theory states that sleep protects organisms that cannot see well in low light.

A

Survival

102
Q

Malcom-Smith et al investigated that sleep allows us to rehearse threatening events and threat avoidance. Which sleep theory is this?

A

Threat Stimulation theory

103
Q

What are the 3 main integral role that sleep plays in learning and consolidating memories?

A
  1. Rehearsal
  2. Forgetting
  3. Insight and Restructuring
104
Q

Which sleep theory supports that learning improves after sleep due to reactivation of memories during sleep?

A

Information processing

105
Q

Which sleep theory suggests that REM sleep erases spurious synaptic associations between neurons?

A

Information processing

106
Q

“Should you pull an all-nighter?” by Walker and Stickgold shows that 40% of difference was observed between sleep-deprived and sleep group in the ability to form new memories and learn information. What does this tell us about sleep memory and learning?

A

We need sleep both after and before learning

107
Q

Subjective experience during sleep, consisting of complexed and organized images that show temporal progression is

A

Dreaming

108
Q

NREM sleep dreams are … vivid, except for night terrors

A

LESS

109
Q

What are the 4 theories of dreaming?

A
  1. Psychodynamic
  2. Random Brain Activity
  3. Evolutionary
  4. Neurocognitive
110
Q

Sigmund Freud characterized dreams as (A) fulfilment and symbolic of (B) desires or urges in the (C) theory of dreaming

A

A: wish

B: unconscious

C: psychodynamic

111
Q

(A) content is remembered NARRATIVE of dream
and
(B) content is true underlying MEANING of dream
in Freud’s explanation

A

A: Manifest

B: Latent

112
Q

Carl Jung suggested that different types of dreams reflect different levels of the (A)
and the (B) aspects of personality may appear

A

A: psyche

B: unconscious

113
Q

This hypothesis of Hobson and McCarley suggests that

  • dreams are produced by (A) activation of the brain during sleep
  • the cortex is bombarded with signals from the (B) during REM sleep, producing pattern of a (C) EEG
A

Activation-Synthesis
A: periodical, random

B: Brainstem

C: waking

114
Q

This theory of Revonsuo argues that dreams are

  • biased toward threatening images and
  • continuing problem-solving ability
A

Threat Simulation Theory

115
Q

This theory of Domhoff argues that dreams are EMBODIED SIMULATION that is an accidental by-product of waking cognition, similar to daydreaming

A

Neurocognitive

116
Q

What are 3 cognitive effects on staying awake?

A
  1. Mood swings
  2. Declined concentration
  3. Paranoia, delusions, hallucinations
117
Q

Disorder of slow wave (deep) sleep resulting in prolonged inability to sleep

A

Insomnia

118
Q

Uncontrollably falling sleep at inappropriate times due to abnormal REM sleep regulation that may involve disrupted DOPAMINE metabolism

A

Narcolepsy

119
Q

Creutzfeldt-Jacob diesases is when…

  • there are tiny (A) in the brain
  • caused by abnormal (B) called prions
  • it is GENETIC
A

A: holes

B: proteins

120
Q

Atonia and dreaming when just falling asleep or waking up is

A

Sleep paralysis

121
Q

Physically acting out your dreams (PARASOMNIA) unknowingly while you are sleep due to LOSS of ATONIA during REM is …

  • reduction in dopamine
  • Parkinson’s disease
A

REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder

122
Q

Sleepwalking (SOMNambulism) and night terrors are examples of … which are actions performed during sleep

A

Parasomnias

123
Q

Compared brain activity for Real, Imagined, and Dreamed hand movements eliciting ACTIVATION in the (A) Cortex led to evidence for (B)

A

Sensorimotor

Lucid dreaming

124
Q

The Circadian rhythm is … generated meaning that it comes from programmed mechanisms in our brain and persists even in the absence of external cues

A

ENDOGENOUSLY

Brain and Behaviour (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions