Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Brain and Behaviour > L5-L6 > Flashcards

L5-L6 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
The Brain flashcards
1
Q

Anatomy of the Visual System:
Through which structure do photons/lightwaves enter?

A

the Cornea (outermost layer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Anatomy of the Visual System: Which structure controls how much light is let in?

A

the Iris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Anatomy of the Visual System: Which structure does the light go through after the iris?

A

the Pupil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Anatomy of the VS: Which structure contains layers of (photoreceptors and glial) cells?

A

the Retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Anatomy of the VS: Which structure is known as the point of CENTRAL vision?

A

the Fovea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Anatomy of the VS: Which structure is an extension of the central nervous system where signals converge?

A

the Optic Nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the definition of perception?

A

Our experience of the sensory world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the existence of illusion tell us?

A

That our VS does not work like a camera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Does our VS have direct access to physical properties of the world?

A

No. Our brain is constantly making predictions of what we visually perceive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Visual information from LEFT and RIGHT sides of the visual field enter BOTH sides of our eyes. Is this true?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The visual pathway: Which structure does the photons cross before reaching the Primary Visual Cortex (V1)?

A

the Optic Chiasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the structure made up of bundle of nerve fibers that extends from the optic chiasm?

A

the Optic tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where is the Occipital lobe?

A

on the most POSTERIOR part of the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 2 key functions of the Occipital lobe?

A
  1. Processing integration
  2. Interpretation
    of the visual stimuli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Region (A) is the most posterior part of the Occipital lobe and region (B) is anterior of (A)

A

A: V1
B: Visual Association Area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The CENTRAL part of the visual field is at the (A) of the brain, the (B) areas of the VF are located more anteriorly, the TOP part of the VF is in the (C) part of the occipital lobe

A

A: back
B: peripheral
C: lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

V1 feeds information to …

A

V2: Secondary visual cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the examples of extrastriate cortex?

A

V2, V3, V4, V5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which condition is usually caused by a stroke and results is loss of sight of HALF of the visual field? Where are its lesions?

A

HEMIanopia
- lesions are from the optic tract to the occipital cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is color ANOMIA?

A

inability to NAME colors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is color AGNOSIA?

A

inability to RECOGNIZE colors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is ACRHOMATOPSIA called in simple terms?

A

inability to perceive colors = COLOR BLINDNESS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

A patient has difficulties locating objects in space despite being able to see them. Which part of their brain has been damaged?

A

the occipital cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

A patient has difficulties in recognizing or reading written words. Which part of their brain has been damaged?

A

the occipital cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Patient LM is a 43 year old female who has an irreversible damage to V5 after thrombosis bilateral damage (blood clotting problem). What is the V5 responsible for and what is her condition called?

A

V5 is responsible for detecting visual MOTION
- it is the Visual Motion area (MT)
Her condition is called AKINEtopsia, or in simple terms, ‘world in snapshots’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Two parallel visual streams: (A) stream projects from Occipital to Temporal cortex. What is this stream?

A

Ventral stream
(vent=going under; since occipital to temporal is lower than occipital to parietal, it is like taking a vent)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Two parallel visual streams: (B) stream projects from Occipital to Parietal cortex. What is this stream?

A

Dorsal Stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Name the WHAT visual stream and its key function.

A

Ventral stream: for recognizing objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Name the WHERE and HOW stream and its key function

A

Dorsal stream: for guiding actions

30
Q

What is the difference between COLOR agnosia and VISUAL-FORM agnosia?

A

color: inability to recognize colors
visual form: inability to recognize OBJECTS

31
Q

What is face blindness called in other terms? Which stream must be damaged for this condition?

A

PROSOPagnosia.
The ventral stream

32
Q

Which condition has PRESERVED object recognition but DEFICIT in visually-guided movements? Which stream must be damaged for this condition?

A

Optic Ataxia
- the posterior parietal cortex or the Dorsal stream

33
Q

What are the 3 key functions of the Temporal lobe?

A
  1. Auditory processing
  2. Language processing
  3. Memory formation and storage
34
Q

Which lobe is involved in olfaction, emotional processing, visuospatial processing and music?

A

the Temporal lobe

35
Q

Which lobe is the Wernicke’s area in? What is this area responsible for?

A

the LEFT Temporal lobe. It is responsible for language comprehension (thus called fluent APHASIA)

36
Q

Wernicke’s area is located in between Primary (A) cortex and Primary (B) cortex. (B) is more anterior than (A)

A

A: Auditory
B: Olfactory

37
Q

The Temporal lobe is … hence the LEFT and RIGHT lobes have different functions.

A

ASYMMETRICAL

38
Q

What is the Left Temporal lobe responsible for? (2)

A
  1. Verbal Memory
  2. Speech processing
    (since Wernicke’s area is located on the left side)
39
Q

What is the Right Temporal lobe responsible for? (3)

A
  1. Non-verbal memory
  2. Musical processing
  3. Facial processing (Fusiform face area)
40
Q

Which structure in the Parietal lobe transforms VISUAL representations into an AUDITORY code?

A

the Angular gyrus

41
Q

Aphasia is a common effect of stroke that about 1/3 of patients are affected. What are its 2 main classifications?

A
  1. Broca’s aphasia; non-fluent
    - expression is affected
  2. Wernicke’s aphasia; fluent
    - comprehension is affected
42
Q

Damage to this cortex could result in auditory disturbance, disorders of music perception, long-term memory problems, altered personality and affective behaviour. Which cortex lesion is this?

A

Temporal cortex region

43
Q

What is Amusia?

A

music perception disorder

44
Q

The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

A

Sensation

45
Q

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information

A

Perception

46
Q

Study of the relation between physical stimulation and psychological experience

A

Psychophysics

47
Q

What are the 8 main stimuli?

A
  1. Olfaction and gustation
  2. Tactile
  3. Audition
  4. Vision
  5. Vestibular system - Balance
  6. Proprioception - Position
  7. Interoception - internal state
  8. Thermosensation - Temperature
  9. Nociception - Pain
48
Q

Perception is fundamentally a … phenomenon

A

Multisensory

49
Q

Synesthesia is …

A

merging of the senses

50
Q

Synesthesia has 5 main characteristics

A
  1. Involuntary
  2. Consistent
  3. Memorable
  4. Heritable
  5. Prevalent
51
Q

What is Grapheme-Color synaesthesia?

A

Letter, numerals with colors

52
Q

What is Music-Color synaesthesia?

A

seeing colors when they hear sounds

53
Q

What is Lexical-Gustatory synaesthesia?

A

experiencing tastes in mouth when reading or speaking

54
Q

What is Number-Form (= Sequence-Space) synaesthesia?

A

involuntary mental maps of any group of numbers

55
Q

What is Mirror-Touch synaesthesia?

A

observing someone receiving touch invoking physical sensation on corresponding body part

56
Q

When activity in one area kindles activity in another area it is … which is probably due to DEFECTIVE NEURAL PRUNING from prenatal period

A

Hyperconnectivity

57
Q

Triggering stimulus is (A) and the resultant synaesthetic experience is (B)

A

A: Inducer

B: Concurrent

58
Q

What are the 2 major theories of synaesthesia?

A
  1. Individual differences
  2. Mysterious: subjective altered reality
59
Q

What is a possible cause of synaesthesia?

A

Genetic disposition
- probabilistic but not inevitable
- might have different neurocognitive architecture

60
Q

Near-universally experienced associations between seemingly unrelated sensory features is called

A

Cross-Modal correspondences

61
Q

Cross-Modal Transfer

Who questioned: “the blind man be made to see: query, whether by his sight, before he touched them he could now distinguish and tell which is the globe, which the cube?”

A

W. Molyneux

62
Q

Who answered to Molyneux by saying that the formerly blind man would have to LEARN through EXPERIENCE of simultaneous touch and sight to distinguish between the objects by sight alone?

A

B. Berkeley

63
Q

As a response to Molyneux’s question and Berkeley’s hypothesis, Held et al concluded what about the Haptic (touch)-Visual Transfer?

A
  • Able to match touch-touch and sight-sight
  • But not touch-vision
  • After a short period of experience, they can match touch-vision
64
Q

Held et al suggested that the rapid acquisition of haptic-visual ability could be due to … interaction already being in place before they were behaviourally manifested

A

Cross-Modal

65
Q

Multisensory illusion of Audiovisual integration is also called…

A

McGurk effect

66
Q

McGurk effect states that auditory and visual signals are forced to come together in a … percept even though the senses could be independently recognized and interpreted

A

Single

67
Q

What is a multisensory illusion of feeling of owning an artificial body which substitutes the real body as the origin of perceptual sensations?

A

Body-Ownership illusion

68
Q

Damage to Lower parts of the visual system leads to lack of (A) or blindness

Damage to Higher areas leads to specific deficits in (B) which is ability to see but inability to recognize

A

A: sensation

B: perception

69
Q

… transforms visual representations into AUDITORY code

A

Angular Gyrus

70
Q
A

Brain and Behaviour (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions