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Brain and Behaviour > L1-L4 > Flashcards

L1-L4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Biological Psychology is a synonym of (3)

A

Behavioural neuroscience, psychobiology, physiological psychology

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2
Q

Behaviour consists of (2)

A

Overt acts (or external) and internal events (learning, thinking, feeling, emotions (Affective), cognition)

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3
Q

Cognitive neuroscience seeks to determine

A

how the brain processes information, builds memories, navigates decisions (3)
from physical and chemical activity of neurons in the brain (1)

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4
Q

What is the human brain capable of (3)

A

contemplating its own existence, perceiving impressions, feelings

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5
Q

Who stated that our body acts “in accordance with the discernment of the brain”

A

Hippocrates, in the 4th century BC

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6
Q

Who mentioned “neurochemistry of the brain” and “billions of neural connections” build our consciousness?

A

Carl Sagon (is not completely right, though)

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7
Q

We are not the properties of any given piece; rather the system as a whole. Hence, the interactions between the ind components establish our intelligence.

A

Emergent properties

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8
Q

What are the two levels of analysis in the behavioural sciences?

A

Sociocultural and Biophysical

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9
Q

What are the major divisions of the human nervous system?

A

Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System (CNS and PNS)

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10
Q

Which biological structures are involved in the CNS?

A

The Brain and the Spinal Cord

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11
Q

In the PNS, what are the examples of sensory and motor connections? (3)

A

sensory to receptors in the skin, motor to body muscles and both to internal body organs and gut

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12
Q

Which brain measurement method traces connection (1) and what does it depend on? (1)

A

Connectional method. It depends on inputs and outputs (to and from a neuron & to and from a region of the brain)

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13
Q

What is the main difference between MRI and fMRI?

A

MRI studies brain structure (Structuralism) and fMRI studies brain function (Functionalism)

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13
Q

Which scanner does the technique that maps out the diffusion of water within the neural tissue use? (1) Is it invasive or non invasive? (1)

A

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) uses MRI scanner. It is non-invasive

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13
Q

An example of an invasive measurement that records electrical activity of neurons.

A

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS), where electrodes are implanted in the brain.

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14
Q

What is an example of an invasive method?

A
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14
Q

Brain surgery performed while the patient is playing his violin. Explain this type of method.

A

Correlational method which involves making observations of brain activity while an individual is performing some type of behaviour.

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15
Q

How does MRI measure our brain? (2)

A

It allows us to look at differences in how protons in the brain tissues behave under a strong magnetic field.

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16
Q

What is the BOLD response? Where is it used?

A

BOLD stands for Blood-Oxygen-Level-Dependent, which measures the ratio of oxygenated to deoxygenated blood.
It is used in fMRI

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17
Q

When do neurons require more oxygen than usual?

A

When they become active

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18
Q

What is neuropsychological testing?

A

it is testing effects of brain damage on specific cognitive functions

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19
Q

What are the possible causes of lesion studies? (5)

A

Traumatic Brain Injury, Stroke, Tumours, Degenerative diseases Infection

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20
Q

What is TBI

A

Traumatic Brain Injury

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21
Q

What is the cause of a stroke

A

bleeding or blockage of blood supply into the brain region

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22
Q

What is single dissociation?

A

It is an acquired disability that affects only one area of functioning without impairing any other area of functioning

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23
Q

What causes double dissociations?

A

damage to one area of the brain causes a function A to be absent while function B is present, and damage to another area causes function B to be absent while function A is present

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24
Q

A patient with a lesion on his temporal lobe would have intact (A) memory skill , but decreased (B) memory skill. (2)
What can we draw from this result?

A

A: Recency memory
B: Familiarity memory
Temporal lobe is thus involved in recalling familiar memories.

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25
Q

Another patient with an impairment on his frontal lobe has intact F memory, but decreased R memory. What can we draw from this conclusion? (1)

A

The frontal lobe is involved in recalling recent events.

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26
Q

How does DBS work (1) and what are its applications (2)?

A

Electrodes are implanted in the brain to stimulate an area of interest with a low voltage electrical current to facilitate behaviour.
It is used for therapeutic applications (Parkinson’s disease, depression, OCD)

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27
Q

What does TMS stand for (1) and is it invasive (1)?

A

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. It is not invasive because a magnetic coil is placed over the skull

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28
Q

TMS can trigger a virtual lesion. What is this?

A

Disrupting a cognitive or motor function virtually without causing actual lesions (damages) to the brain

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29
Q

What is the TMS useful for and not useful for (2)?

A

It can be used to treat depression
But it can’t be used to treat epilepsy.

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30
Q

What are the 6 major less invasive correlational methods that uses brain’s electrical activity?

A
  1. EEG
  2. MEG
  3. PET
  4. fMRI
  5. ERP
  6. Single-cell recording
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31
Q

Where are Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas located?

A

Broca’s area is located in the left inferior frontal gyrus (or simply LEFT FRONTAL LOBE) and Wernicke’s in the left posterior superior temporal gyrus (or simply LEFT TEMPORAL LOBE)

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32
Q

What is Broca’s area responsible for and thus what is Broca’s Expressive Aphasia?

A

B’s area is responsible for language production. This aphasia leaves you with preserved speech comprehension, but non fluent communication skills.

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33
Q

What is Wernicke’s area responsible for and thus what is W’s Receptive Aphasia?

A

Wernicke’s area is responsible for language comprehension. This aphasia leaves you with fluent communication skills, but an impaired language comprehension.

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34
Q

What does EEG stand for and what does it measure (2) ?

A

ElectroEncephalography.
It measures ongoing brain activity or changes in response to a particular stimulus.

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35
Q

What does high frequency and small amplitude of an EEG recording suggest?

A

It is an awake or excited state where neurochemical activities are firing constantly.

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36
Q

What does low frequency and large amplitude of an EEG recording suggest?

A

It is a coma state where neurochemical activities are barely happening.

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37
Q

What are the 2 types of research and 1 that bridges the gap between them?

A

Pure and applied research. Translational.

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38
Q

What are the 2 branches of the PNS?

A

Somatic system and the autonomic nervous system

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39
Q

What does the somatic system of PNS control? Give 2 functions.

A

Voluntary movements:
- muscle action
- carrying information back to the CNS

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40
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system control? Give 2 examples.

A

Involuntary functions:
- respiration
- digestion

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41
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system of PNS?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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42
Q

Where in the branch does the sympathetic division belong and what is its role?

A

It belongs to the autonomic NS of the PNS.
It is responsible for energy expenditure.

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43
Q

What is the fight or flight response? Give 3 signs.

A

It is sympathetic division of autonomic NS of PNS. It regulates:
- pupil dilation
- adrenaline production
- rising of blood pressure
- increasing heart beat rate
- tense muscles
- sweating
- glucose release from the liver to the muscles
- dry mouth

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44
Q

What is the rest and digest response?

A

A parasympathetic one

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45
Q

What is the region of the brain that bridges the left and right hemisphere?

A

Corpus Callosum

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46
Q

The grey matter surrounding the cerebrum is known as the cortex of the brain. What is one of the cortexes?

A

The Cerebral Cortex.

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47
Q

Cerebral Cortex includes which two cortices?

A

Primary and association cortices.

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48
Q

What is the largest and uppermost part of the brain? What are its major divisions?

A

It is the Cerebrum. It has left and right hemispheres.

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49
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the brain?

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal
  3. Occipital
  4. Temporal
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50
Q

What is the main function of the Occipital lobe?

A

Visual processing

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51
Q

What are the main functions of the Parietal lobe? (3)

A

Sensory processing,
Language,
Attention

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52
Q

What are the main functions of the Frontal lobe? (2)

A

Movement,
Higher cognitive functions

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53
Q

What are the main functions of the Temporal lobe? (3)

A

Auditory processing,
Sensory integration,
Memory

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54
Q

What is the function of gyri and sulci

A

A cortex folding that allows for increasing its surface area which maximizes processes

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55
Q

What is the ridge-like elevation found on the surface of the cerebral cortex?

A

the gyrus

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56
Q

What is a shallower groove that surrounds a gyrus?

A

the sulcus

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57
Q

What is a deeper grove (that separates the fronto-parietal from the temporal lobe)?

A

the fissure

58
Q

Function of the Central Sulcus.

A

Distinguishes the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

59
Q

Function of the Sylvian(Lateral) Fissure.

A

Distinguishes the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe from the temporal lobe

60
Q

Role of longitudinal fissure?

A

divides left and right hemispheres

61
Q

What is the fissure that divides the occipital lobe and the temporal lobe from the cerebellum?

A

Transverse fissure

62
Q

4 structures of the forebrain

A
  1. Cortex
  2. Basal ganglia
  3. Thalamus
  4. Hypothalamus
63
Q

3 structures of the midbrain

A
  1. Colliculi
  2. Tegmentum
  3. Cerebral penduncles
64
Q

3 structures of the hindbrain

A
  1. Pons
  2. Medulla oblongata
  3. Cerebellum
65
Q

Where is the telencephalon located and what are its two major structures?

A

In the forebrain/Cerebrum
1. cortex
2. Subcortical structures
- limbic system
- basal ganglia

66
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus
in the telencephalon in the forebrain.

67
Q

What structure prioritizes sensory info and transmits it to the cerebral cortex (relay)?

A

Thalamus

68
Q

What are the 4 main functions of the hypothalamus?

A
  • Homeostasis
  • motivation
  • survival
  • basic drives
69
Q

What are 3 major structures of the limbic system?

A
  1. Hippocampus
    - learning and memory
  2. Amygdala
    - emotion
    - fear response
  3. Mammillary bodies
    - aspects of memory
70
Q

Hippocampus role

A

learning and memory

71
Q

Amygdala role

A

emotion and fear response

72
Q

Mammillary bodies’ role

A

Aspects of memory

73
Q

Thalamus role

A

prioritizes sensory information and transmits it to cortex

74
Q

What structure links the nervous system to endocrine system (hormones) through the pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus

75
Q

What is the basal ganglia involved in (3)?
Which neurological disorder?

A
  1. motor control,
  2. learning,
  3. motivation and reward
    Parkinson’s disease
76
Q

Which part of the hindbrain controls sleep and arousal?

A

pons

77
Q

Which part of the hindbrain regulates cardiovascular system, breathing, skeletal muscle tone?

A

medulla oblongata

78
Q

Which part of the hindbrain is involved in motor control, timing and associative learning?

A

cerebellum

79
Q

Tetrodotoxin is a poison found in the pufferfish’s liver. What happens when it is consumed by us?

A

The poison prevents the transmission of action potentials, which are electrical signals by which neurons communicate.

80
Q

What did Ramon y Cajal state in “Neuron Doctrine”?

A

He said that neurons are separate entities.

81
Q

What is a property that distinguishes the neuron from other cells?

A

Its ability to transmit electrical signals quickly over long distances.

82
Q

How many neurons are there in our brain?

A

approx. 86 billion

83
Q

What are the major roles of dendrites, soma, axon and axon terminal respectively in neurotransmission?

A
  1. collecting
  2. integrating
  3. conducting
  4. outputting
84
Q

What do dendrites collect?

A

chemical signals

85
Q

Dendrites pass information to… which integrates signals

A

soma (Cell body)

86
Q

Which 3 factors distinguish axon from dendrites?

A
  1. Long extension
  2. One extension
  3. Can carry signal from spinal cord to big toe
87
Q

Axon branches have … axon buttons

A

appr. 10 000

88
Q

Which neuron structure contain packages of chemicals that can be released into the space between cells?

A

axon terminals

89
Q

What is the synapse for?

A

Main location for signal transmission

90
Q

What are the 3 different types of neurons?

A

Sensory and
Motor and interneurons

91
Q

Afferent neuron is … (2)

A
  1. Sensory
  2. from PNS to CNS (upwards)
92
Q

Efferent neuron is … (2)

A
  1. Motor
  2. from CNS to PNS (downwards)
93
Q

What is the neuron between sensory and motor?

A

interneuron: integrates the two

94
Q

Neuron Structure: what is the structure found inside soma that contains genetic information?

A

the nucleus

95
Q

Neuron Structure:
what is the white outlayer surrounding the axon?

A

Myelin sheath

96
Q

Neuron Structure: what are the gaps found between myelin sheaths?

A

the node of Ranvier

97
Q

What are the glial cells found in the CNS and PNS respectively?

A

CNS: oligodendrocytes
PNS: Schwann cells

98
Q

5 functions of glia

A
  1. myelin sheath
  2. transport nutrients to neurons
  3. clean up brain debris
  4. digest parts of dead neurons
  5. helps to hold neurons in place
99
Q

What type of disease is Multiple Sclerosis and what is it caused by? What are its effects?

A
  • It’s an autoimmune disease.
  • It is caused by demyelination where myelin sheaths become scarred
  • it cannot therefore insulate the axon
100
Q

Who discovered neurotransmission?

A

Otto Loewi

101
Q

What is the method that cells use to communicate across small gulfs of space (to target muscles, hearts etc)

A

Neuron transmission

102
Q

What is the 20-50nm microscopic gap between 2 neurons that allows communication through neurotransmitters?

A

Synaptic cleft

103
Q

Where are neurotransmitter molecules contained in ?

A

Synaptic vesicle

104
Q

Describe the process of neurotransmission at the
synaptic
cleft in 3 simple steps

A
  1. Synaptic vesicles fuse with the outer membrane of the presynaptic axon terminal
  2. Molecules are released in the synaptic gap
  3. These molecules bind to the receptor sites on the post-synaptic axon terminal
105
Q

What are the 3 action types of neurotransmission?

A
  1. Excitatory
  2. Inhibitory
  3. Modulatory
106
Q

What does excitatory action lead to?

A

Depolarization of the action potential: becomes fired

107
Q

What does inhibitory action lead to?

A

Hyperpolarization - action potential difficult to fire

108
Q

What are the 6 key neurotransmitters

A
  1. Glutamate
  2. Dopamine
  3. Serotonin
  4. Norepinephrine
  5. Acetylcholine
  6. Histamine
109
Q

Action potential is also called… (2)

A

nerve impulse or spike

110
Q

What are the 2 ions that play key roles in AP?

A
  1. Na+ (sodium ion)
  2. K+ (potassium ion)
111
Q

Describe the state of sodium and potassium at REST

A
  1. Sodium: high concentration in the extracellular space (makes inside the cell more negative)
  2. Potassium: high concentration inside
112
Q

What is the voltage at the RESTING POTENTIAL?

A

-70mV

113
Q

What needs to be reached in order to fire AP before depolarization?

A

The THRESHOLD of -35mV

114
Q

What does reaching the threshold trigger?

A

Opening of Na+ voltage gated ion channels where Na+ travels into the cell

115
Q

When do Na+ channels close again?

A

When the voltage spike is caused by the exchange of ions

116
Q

As Na+ channels open and close across the membrane, … channels also open and close

A

K+ channels

117
Q

How can AP be describe as a cycle?

A

Cycle of DEPOLARIZATION AND REPOLARIZATION

118
Q

How fast (time and speed) are electrical signals passed down?

A
  • 1ms
  • several hundred mph
119
Q

What is the role of dendrites in neurotransmission?

A

They absorb the neurotransmitter molecules

120
Q

Primary excitatory transmitter responsible for MEMORY and LEARNING

A

Glutamate

121
Q

Neurotransmitter that rewards LEARNING and MUSCLE control

A

Dopamine

122
Q

Neuromodulator of Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity, Reward and Movement Control

A

Dopamine

123
Q

Neurotransmitter that controls MOOD, MEMORY, SLEEP, APPETITE

A

Serotonin

124
Q

Neurotransmitter that belongs to the Autonomic NS, regulates MOVEMENT and COGNITION

A

AcetylCholine

125
Q

Neurotransmitter involved in METABOLISM, TEMPERATURE and HORMONAL control, SLEEP-WAKE cycle

A

Histamine

126
Q

A potent inflammatory mediator, commonly associated with allergic reactions

A

Histamine

127
Q

Neurotransmitter that belongs to the Sympathetic NS of the Autonomic NS, controls ALERTNESS and ATTENTION (fight-or-flight response)

A

Norepinephrine
or
Noradrenaline

128
Q

(A) is continuously released into circulation at low levels while (B) is only released during times of stress. They are both in the (C) nervous system

A

A: Noradrenaline
B: Adrenaline
C: Sympathetic

129
Q

Which Neurotransmitters are most associated with movement? (2)

A

Dopamine and AcetylCholine

130
Q

Glutamate is an excitatory neuron involved in …(2)

A
  1. Memory
  2. Learning
131
Q

Histamine is involved in

  • (A) such as inflammatory response
  • (B) and (C) control
  • Sleep-(D) Cycle
A

A: metabolism

B: Hormone

C: Temperature

D: Wake

132
Q

Serotonin is associated with … (4)

A
  1. Mood
  2. Sleep
  3. Appetite
  4. Memory
133
Q

Noradrenaline is involved in … (2)

A
  1. Attention
  2. Altertness
134
Q

Dopamine is a neuromodulator involved in… (2)

A
  1. Motor/movement control
  2. Learning
135
Q

Hyperpolarization is also called …

A

Refractory Period

136
Q

After the neurotransmission takes place… neurotransmitters are either (A) or (B) for reusage or broken down by (C)

A

A: diffused

B: uptaken

C: enzymes

137
Q

What happens to each ion channels at the threshold of the Action Potential?

A

Na+ channels open

K+ channels remain closed

138
Q

What happens to each ion channels at the peak of the Action potential?

A

Na+ channels close

K+ channels open

139
Q

Rapid voltage change gives enough time to spread far down the (A) for neighboring (B) channels to open

A

A: membrane

B: Na+

140
Q

What type of brain IMAGING method maps WHITE MATTER connections between brain regions?

A

DTI - Diffusion Tensor Imaging

141
Q

(A) is a continuous measure of electrical brain activity.

(B) on the other hand, are short segments of (A) data that are time-locked to particular events of experimental interest, and typically averaged over many trials of an experiment

A

A: EEG

B: ERP

142
Q

… are small voltages generated in the brain structures in response to specific events or stimuli

A

ERP - Event Related Potentials

143
Q

Scale in studying the NS:

  • Scalp ERPs
  • MEC
  • fMRI
  • EEG
  • PET
  • Lesion

belongs to which scale? From … to …

A

1mm to 1m - Voxel to Brain

144
Q

… methods involve making observations of brain activity while an individual is performing some type of behaviour

A

Correlational

145
Q

which neurotransmitters are involved in sleep?(2)

A

Histamine and
serotonin

Brain and Behaviour (6 decks)

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