A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective Flashcards
Brainbow technique reveals … in exquisite detail by causing each individual neuron to produce a slightly different mixture of fluorescent proteins
Neural Circuitry
What are the 4 categories of brain measurement methods?
- Connectional
- Correlational
- Lesion
- Stimulation
What is the method of injecting a tracer substance into the region to map out the brain, but then had to remove the brain to see where the tracers had gone?
Connectional method of input or output tracts
What is a non-invasive connectional method that use the MRI?
DTI: Diffusion Tensor Imaging
Which method uses MRI to map the blood flow and blood oxygenation (BOLD) in the brains when performing a particular task?
Correlational
What are the 3 invasive techniques that involve implanting?
- (A)electrodes
- (A)dialysis probes
- (C) probes
- Microelectrodes
- Microdialysis probes
- Voltammetry probes
What are the 2 less invasive correlational methods that detect brain waves?
EEG and MEG
Neuroimaging techniques are … ways of correlational methods that can detect the metabolic or neurochemical products of brain activity rather than the activity itself.
Indirect
This correlational method involves injecting small amounts of radioactively labeled chemical compounds to map out their distribution within the brain
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
This correlational method of MRI-based neuroimaging technique allows to observe subtle differences in the shape of thickness of brain structure
Voxel-based Morphometry
Blows to the head, accidents or wounds from bullets or other weapons physically destroying s mall region of the brain is called
TBI - Traumatic Brain Injuries
Broca used … method to discover that his patient Tan lost his ability to produce language
Lesion
Hitzig and Fritsch figured out that applying electrical current to specific brain regions in dogs could elicit movements of specific body parts on the OPPOSITE side. What method did they use?
Stimulation method
Penfield and Jasper were able to map out the brain regions responsible for movement, tactile sensation, speech, smell etc by using … method on his epileptic patient
electrical stimulation
What is the noninvasive stimulation method that uses powerful electromagnetic coils held against the scalp?
TMS - Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
What is an intraoperative mapping of brain function?
It is a stimulation method of mapping out the brain while performing a brain surgery
Patients with depression respond to … which is multiple sessions of TMS
rTMS
What is the non-invasive brain stimulation that applies two electrodes to the scalp and pass a weak, constant electrical current?
tDCS - transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
Neurons under (A) charged cathode tend to be (B) whilst neurons under (C) charged anode tend to be (D)
A: positively
B: inhibited
C: negatively
D: excited
The illusory color changes at the border are called …
Mach Bands
Process of transforming an event from the outside world into electrochemical signals inside your nervous system is called …
Sensory Transduction
These cells allow communication between different parts of the retina
Amacrine cells
These cells carry information from the photoreceptors to the retinal ganglion cells
Bipolar cells
These cells allow communication between ADJACENT parts of the retina
Horizontal cells
Conversion of light into a change in the electrical potential across the cell membrane
Phototransduction
Photoreceptors highly sensitive to light and ideal for vision in DIM environments
Rods
Photoreceptors suited for vision in bright environment that comes in three types: red, green, blue
Cones
Cones are more concentrated in the central vision, known as the … which is a little INDENTATION on the surface of the retina
Fovea
The region of visual space in which a stimulus will modulate the activity of a particular neuron is the …
Receptive field
Retinal ganglion cells have a … structure which is a small point of light in the center of the receptive field
Center-Surround
Due to Center-Surround structure, neighboring neurons can achieve … which is the amplification of a difference between the lightness of two surfaces
Contrast enhancement
Signals move on toward the brain via the (A) of the retinal ganglion cells, which converge to form the (B)
Optic nerve
The point where there are NO photoreceptors due to the optic nerve leaving the eye is called the …
Blind spot
Optic nerves from the left and right eye come together at the …
Optic chiasm
After the Optic Chiasm, the fibers are sorted into 2 visual fields. Them the nerve bundles are now called the …
Optic Tracts
LGN is a portion of the thalamus that stands for…
Lateral Geniculate Nuclues
From LGN, visual info travels through axons known as the … to V1
Optic Radiations
Within V1, the topographic organization takes the form of … organization, meaning that each neuron responds to a particular part of the visual field, and the neighboring neurons respond to neighboring parts of the visual field
Retinoptic
In V1,
- (A) cells respond to a line at a preferred orientation and particular location in the receptive field
- (B) cells respond to a line of the preferred orientation at any location in the receptive field
Simple
Complex
Farther into the visual system, neurons respond to more (A) stimulus characteristics which builds successive stages of (B)
Abstract
Hierarchy
… are clusters of cells responsible for processing the sensory input relating to color
Blobs
Random-Dot Stereograms demonstrate that object (A) is not necessary for (B) depth from differences between the eyes
A: recognition
B: perceiving
A response that remains the same irrespective of the position or size is called
Position invariance or size invariance
An area of inferoTemporal cortex specialized for faces is…
FusiForm face area
Codings:
What are the 2 strategies of the brain encoding info in our visual cortex?
- Sparse coding
- Population coding
V5 is an area specialized for … detection
Motion
Motion blindness highlights that motion and position are … to the brain
separable
Dorsal stream is critical for guiding and adjusting the spotlight of …
attention
A disorder in which a person will disregard one half of the world, usually caused by a stroke to the right parietal lobe
Hemi-neglect
Balin’ts sydrome is caused by damage to the … lobes on BOTH sides … one of its symptoms is simultAGONISA (inability to recognize multiple elements in a scene)
parietal
ProsopAGNOSIA is … that is caused by a bilateral damage to the VENTRAL (what) Visual Stream
face blindness
A spot in the visual field that captures no information is … which is most of the times filled in by our brain
the Blind spot
An ambiguous stimulus that can be perceived in more than one way and that typically flips back and forth between the different options is …
Multistable percept
Situation where you don’t see both images simultaneously nor a fusion is … which is due to conflicting interpretations
BINOcular rivalry
Helmholtz proposed that vision arises from a process of … INFERENCE
unconscious
Charles Bonnet syndrome is ….
visual hallucinations due to visual loss by eye disease
Feedback loops, recurrence or loopiness compromise the model of “brain as a computer”
reversive hierarchy … just an additional info
Anton’s syndrome is when person becomes blind but … his blindness
denies
An action potential may occur when channels in the axon open and allow sodium ions to rush in, causing the cell to become…
Depolarized
The most posterior brain area in the cortex is
Occipital lobe
What Cortical lobe is most important for AUDITORY processing?
Temporal
Which neuroimaging tools measure DIFFUSION patterns of molecules (eg. water) in biological tissue?
DTI
Which neurons are responsible for sending Afferent Motor signals?
fMRI allows us to study the brain function by measuring changes in
BOLD - Blood Oxygen Level Dependent
You encounter a threatening situation; which specific part of the NS would be activated to prepare you to react quickly?
Sympathetic
Which method TRACES connections between neurons and brain regions?
Connectional
Which lobe of the human brain is involved in HIGHER COGNITIVE functions such as planning and organizing?
Frontal
In lesion studies in neuropsychology, what is meant by a ‘double dissociation’?
Two patients with different lesions show opposite patterns of cognitive impairment
The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic NS are branches of which NS?
AUTONOMIC
…
- is an imaging test that can help reveal the metabolic or biochemical function of your TISSUES and ORGANS.
- It uses a radioactive drug called a TRACER to show both typical and atypical metabolic activity.
PET - Positron Emission Topography
When thousands or millions of neurons interact, the synchronized group activity can be picked up in what’s known as a … Potential
Field
NREM comprises … % of sleep and has … stages
80 and 3
The deepest stage (stage 3) of NREM is known as the … where brain waves oscillate at a LOW frequency with HIGH amplitude
SWS - Slow Wave Sleep
The most important player of the sleep state is the …. a collection of neurons in the HYPOTHALAMUS
VLPO - VentroLateral Preoptic Nucleus
VLPO promotes sleep when it becomes (A) and damage to it produces (B)
A: Active
B: Insomnia
The AROUSAL NETWORK is when neurons in the (A) nucleus release (B) neurotransmitters, especially to the FOREBRAIN and (C)
A: VLPO
B: Inhibitory
C: Brainstem
The neurotransmitters involved in the Arousal Network include …. (3)
- Serotonin
- Norepinephrine
- Histamine
Mutual inhibition gives rise to … system which 2 stable states such as Waking and Sleeping
BiStable
PGO (PontoGeniculo- Occipital) Waves can be measured in all 3 structures because they travel through them… What are they?
- Pons
- Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
- Occipital cortex
… is a multilayered structure that receives input from both eyes to build a representation of the contralateral visual hemifield
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
The major cellular players in the sleep rhythms are … cells, which are EXCITATORY
THALAmoCORTICAL
Zeitgebers happen when the Circadian rhythm is … to various environmental stimuli, which means to gradually fall into synchrony with it.
ENTRAINED
Neurons in the SCN (SupraChiasmatic Nucleus) send signals to the (A) which is a tiny structure in the brain’s midline that regulates the hormone (B)
A: Pineal gland
B: Melatonin
Melatonin is produced and released from the (A) and it is a (B) hormone
A: pineal gland
B: Darkness (not Sleep)
With false lighting cues, humans have .. easily to a 23.5 hour cycle or a 24.56 hour cycle (Mars day-night)
ENTRAINED
Disruption to the Circadian rhythms can cause … which is a mismatch of your rhythm with the local day-night period
Jet lag
In animal models, ongoing disturbances in the circadian rhythm have been linked to … risk for Cardiovascular disease and cancer
Increased
Segmented sleep or … sleep is when one sleep more than once in 24 hour period. It is common in:
- historically older cultures
- nonindustrialized societies, esp during winter times
polyPHASIC
Some researchers take our unusual … sleep schedule as evidence that we are MERELY CAPABLE of fighting off sleep when we don’t want it
eg. Taking Caffeine
eg. Sleeping pills
monoPHASIC
With more severe sleep deprivation, one begins to experience … which are brief sleep periods in the second
Microsleeps
Insomnia is currently understood as CONTINUOUS state of …
Hyperarousal
Hypnotics are sleeping pills taken for…
insomnia
BenzoDiaZepines are pharmaceutical treatments for…
insomnia
In which a person upon falling asleep feels unbearable discomfort in the legs that calls for relief by stomping, rubbing, walking around, or twitching the legs is
RLS - Restless Leg Syndrome
Cataplexy is when the … suddenly WEAKEN, typically followed by Narcolepsy
muscles
In which illusory visions or sounds present themselves in the transition between Wakefulness and Sleep is …, experienced by Narcoleptic patients
hypnAGOGIC hallucinations
In which a person will spontaneously produce purposeless sounds or acts without conscious intervention or censorship is …, experienced by Narcoleptic patients
Automatic behaviours
Narcolepsy results from a lower level of … called Orexin (=HypoCretin)
Hormone
Narcolepsy is identified as … disorder by some researchers
Autoimmune
a bilateral structure located in the anterior part of the hypothalamus is…
suprachiasmatic Nucleus(SCN)
