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Brain and Behaviour > A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective > Flashcards

A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective Flashcards

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1
Q

Brainbow technique reveals … in exquisite detail by causing each individual neuron to produce a slightly different mixture of fluorescent proteins

A

Neural Circuitry

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2
Q

What are the 4 categories of brain measurement methods?

A
  1. Connectional
  2. Correlational
  3. Lesion
  4. Stimulation
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3
Q

What is the method of injecting a tracer substance into the region to map out the brain, but then had to remove the brain to see where the tracers had gone?

A

Connectional method of input or output tracts

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4
Q

What is a non-invasive connectional method that use the MRI?

A

DTI: Diffusion Tensor Imaging

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5
Q

Which method uses MRI to map the blood flow and blood oxygenation (BOLD) in the brains when performing a particular task?

A

Correlational

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6
Q

What are the 3 invasive techniques that involve implanting?

  1. (A)electrodes
  2. (A)dialysis probes
  3. (C) probes
A
  1. Microelectrodes
  2. Microdialysis probes
  3. Voltammetry probes
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7
Q

What are the 2 less invasive correlational methods that detect brain waves?

A

EEG and MEG

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8
Q

Neuroimaging techniques are … ways of correlational methods that can detect the metabolic or neurochemical products of brain activity rather than the activity itself.

A

Indirect

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9
Q

This correlational method involves injecting small amounts of radioactively labeled chemical compounds to map out their distribution within the brain

A

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

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10
Q

This correlational method of MRI-based neuroimaging technique allows to observe subtle differences in the shape of thickness of brain structure

A

Voxel-based Morphometry

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11
Q

Blows to the head, accidents or wounds from bullets or other weapons physically destroying s mall region of the brain is called

A

TBI - Traumatic Brain Injuries

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12
Q

Broca used … method to discover that his patient Tan lost his ability to produce language

A

Lesion

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13
Q

Hitzig and Fritsch figured out that applying electrical current to specific brain regions in dogs could elicit movements of specific body parts on the OPPOSITE side. What method did they use?

A

Stimulation method

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14
Q

Penfield and Jasper were able to map out the brain regions responsible for movement, tactile sensation, speech, smell etc by using … method on his epileptic patient

A

electrical stimulation

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15
Q

What is the noninvasive stimulation method that uses powerful electromagnetic coils held against the scalp?

A

TMS - Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

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16
Q

What is an intraoperative mapping of brain function?

A

It is a stimulation method of mapping out the brain while performing a brain surgery

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17
Q

Patients with depression respond to … which is multiple sessions of TMS

A

rTMS

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18
Q

What is the non-invasive brain stimulation that applies two electrodes to the scalp and pass a weak, constant electrical current?

A

tDCS - transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

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19
Q

Neurons under (A) charged cathode tend to be (B) whilst neurons under (C) charged anode tend to be (D)

A

A: positively
B: inhibited
C: negatively
D: excited

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20
Q

The illusory color changes at the border are called …

A

Mach Bands

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21
Q

Process of transforming an event from the outside world into electrochemical signals inside your nervous system is called …

A

Sensory Transduction

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22
Q

These cells allow communication between different parts of the retina

A

Amacrine cells

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23
Q

These cells carry information from the photoreceptors to the retinal ganglion cells

A

Bipolar cells

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24
Q

These cells allow communication between ADJACENT parts of the retina

A

Horizontal cells

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25
Q

Conversion of light into a change in the electrical potential across the cell membrane

A

Phototransduction

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26
Q

Photoreceptors highly sensitive to light and ideal for vision in DIM environments

A

Rods

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27
Q

Photoreceptors suited for vision in bright environment that comes in three types: red, green, blue

A

Cones

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28
Q

Cones are more concentrated in the central vision, known as the … which is a little INDENTATION on the surface of the retina

A

Fovea

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29
Q

The region of visual space in which a stimulus will modulate the activity of a particular neuron is the …

A

Receptive field

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30
Q

Retinal ganglion cells have a … structure which is a small point of light in the center of the receptive field

A

Center-Surround

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31
Q

Due to Center-Surround structure, neighboring neurons can achieve … which is the amplification of a difference between the lightness of two surfaces

A

Contrast enhancement

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32
Q

Signals move on toward the brain via the (A) of the retinal ganglion cells, which converge to form the (B)

A

Optic nerve

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33
Q

The point where there are NO photoreceptors due to the optic nerve leaving the eye is called the …

A

Blind spot

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34
Q

Optic nerves from the left and right eye come together at the …

A

Optic chiasm

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35
Q

After the Optic Chiasm, the fibers are sorted into 2 visual fields. Them the nerve bundles are now called the …

A

Optic Tracts

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36
Q

LGN is a portion of the thalamus that stands for…

A

Lateral Geniculate Nuclues

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37
Q

From LGN, visual info travels through axons known as the … to V1

A

Optic Radiations

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38
Q

Within V1, the topographic organization takes the form of … organization, meaning that each neuron responds to a particular part of the visual field, and the neighboring neurons respond to neighboring parts of the visual field

A

Retinoptic

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39
Q

In V1,

  • (A) cells respond to a line at a preferred orientation and particular location in the receptive field
  • (B) cells respond to a line of the preferred orientation at any location in the receptive field
A

Simple

Complex

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40
Q

Farther into the visual system, neurons respond to more (A) stimulus characteristics which builds successive stages of (B)

A

Abstract

Hierarchy

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41
Q

… are clusters of cells responsible for processing the sensory input relating to color

A

Blobs

42
Q

Random-Dot Stereograms demonstrate that object (A) is not necessary for (B) depth from differences between the eyes

A

A: recognition

B: perceiving

43
Q

A response that remains the same irrespective of the position or size is called

A

Position invariance or size invariance

44
Q

An area of inferoTemporal cortex specialized for faces is…

A

FusiForm face area

45
Q

Codings:

What are the 2 strategies of the brain encoding info in our visual cortex?

A
  1. Sparse coding
  2. Population coding
46
Q

V5 is an area specialized for … detection

A

Motion

47
Q

Motion blindness highlights that motion and position are … to the brain

A

separable

48
Q

Dorsal stream is critical for guiding and adjusting the spotlight of …

A

attention

49
Q

A disorder in which a person will disregard one half of the world, usually caused by a stroke to the right parietal lobe

A

Hemi-neglect

50
Q

Balin’ts sydrome is caused by damage to the … lobes on BOTH sides … one of its symptoms is simultAGONISA (inability to recognize multiple elements in a scene)

A

parietal

51
Q

ProsopAGNOSIA is … that is caused by a bilateral damage to the VENTRAL (what) Visual Stream

A

face blindness

52
Q

A spot in the visual field that captures no information is … which is most of the times filled in by our brain

A

the Blind spot

53
Q

An ambiguous stimulus that can be perceived in more than one way and that typically flips back and forth between the different options is …

A

Multistable percept

54
Q

Situation where you don’t see both images simultaneously nor a fusion is … which is due to conflicting interpretations

A

BINOcular rivalry

55
Q

Helmholtz proposed that vision arises from a process of … INFERENCE

A

unconscious

56
Q

Charles Bonnet syndrome is ….

A

visual hallucinations due to visual loss by eye disease

57
Q

Feedback loops, recurrence or loopiness compromise the model of “brain as a computer”

A

reversive hierarchy … just an additional info

58
Q

Anton’s syndrome is when person becomes blind but … his blindness

A

denies

59
Q

An action potential may occur when channels in the axon open and allow sodium ions to rush in, causing the cell to become…

A

Depolarized

60
Q

The most posterior brain area in the cortex is

A

Occipital lobe

61
Q

What Cortical lobe is most important for AUDITORY processing?

A

Temporal

62
Q

Which neuroimaging tools measure DIFFUSION patterns of molecules (eg. water) in biological tissue?

A

DTI

63
Q

Which neurons are responsible for sending Afferent Motor signals?

A
64
Q

fMRI allows us to study the brain function by measuring changes in

A

BOLD - Blood Oxygen Level Dependent

65
Q

You encounter a threatening situation; which specific part of the NS would be activated to prepare you to react quickly?

A

Sympathetic

66
Q

Which method TRACES connections between neurons and brain regions?

A

Connectional

67
Q

Which lobe of the human brain is involved in HIGHER COGNITIVE functions such as planning and organizing?

A

Frontal

68
Q

In lesion studies in neuropsychology, what is meant by a ‘double dissociation’?

A

Two patients with different lesions show opposite patterns of cognitive impairment

69
Q

The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic NS are branches of which NS?

A

AUTONOMIC

70
Q

…

  • is an imaging test that can help reveal the metabolic or biochemical function of your TISSUES and ORGANS.
  • It uses a radioactive drug called a TRACER to show both typical and atypical metabolic activity.
A

PET - Positron Emission Topography

71
Q

When thousands or millions of neurons interact, the synchronized group activity can be picked up in what’s known as a … Potential

A

Field

72
Q

NREM comprises … % of sleep and has … stages

A

80 and 3

73
Q

The deepest stage (stage 3) of NREM is known as the … where brain waves oscillate at a LOW frequency with HIGH amplitude

A

SWS - Slow Wave Sleep

74
Q

The most important player of the sleep state is the …. a collection of neurons in the HYPOTHALAMUS

A

VLPO - VentroLateral Preoptic Nucleus

75
Q

VLPO promotes sleep when it becomes (A) and damage to it produces (B)

A

A: Active

B: Insomnia

76
Q

The AROUSAL NETWORK is when neurons in the (A) nucleus release (B) neurotransmitters, especially to the FOREBRAIN and (C)

A

A: VLPO

B: Inhibitory

C: Brainstem

77
Q

The neurotransmitters involved in the Arousal Network include …. (3)

A
  1. Serotonin
  2. Norepinephrine
  3. Histamine
78
Q

Mutual inhibition gives rise to … system which 2 stable states such as Waking and Sleeping

A

BiStable

79
Q

PGO (PontoGeniculo- Occipital) Waves can be measured in all 3 structures because they travel through them… What are they?

A
  1. Pons
  2. Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
  3. Occipital cortex
80
Q

… is a multilayered structure that receives input from both eyes to build a representation of the contralateral visual hemifield

A

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

81
Q

The major cellular players in the sleep rhythms are … cells, which are EXCITATORY

A

THALAmoCORTICAL

82
Q

Zeitgebers happen when the Circadian rhythm is … to various environmental stimuli, which means to gradually fall into synchrony with it.

A

ENTRAINED

83
Q

Neurons in the SCN (SupraChiasmatic Nucleus) send signals to the (A) which is a tiny structure in the brain’s midline that regulates the hormone (B)

A

A: Pineal gland

B: Melatonin

84
Q

Melatonin is produced and released from the (A) and it is a (B) hormone

A

A: pineal gland

B: Darkness (not Sleep)

85
Q

With false lighting cues, humans have .. easily to a 23.5 hour cycle or a 24.56 hour cycle (Mars day-night)

A

ENTRAINED

86
Q

Disruption to the Circadian rhythms can cause … which is a mismatch of your rhythm with the local day-night period

A

Jet lag

87
Q

In animal models, ongoing disturbances in the circadian rhythm have been linked to … risk for Cardiovascular disease and cancer

A

Increased

88
Q

Segmented sleep or … sleep is when one sleep more than once in 24 hour period. It is common in:

  • historically older cultures
  • nonindustrialized societies, esp during winter times
A

polyPHASIC

89
Q

Some researchers take our unusual … sleep schedule as evidence that we are MERELY CAPABLE of fighting off sleep when we don’t want it

eg. Taking Caffeine
eg. Sleeping pills

A

monoPHASIC

90
Q

With more severe sleep deprivation, one begins to experience … which are brief sleep periods in the second

A

Microsleeps

91
Q

Insomnia is currently understood as CONTINUOUS state of …

A

Hyperarousal

92
Q

Hypnotics are sleeping pills taken for…

A

insomnia

93
Q

BenzoDiaZepines are pharmaceutical treatments for…

A

insomnia

94
Q

In which a person upon falling asleep feels unbearable discomfort in the legs that calls for relief by stomping, rubbing, walking around, or twitching the legs is

A

RLS - Restless Leg Syndrome

95
Q

Cataplexy is when the … suddenly WEAKEN, typically followed by Narcolepsy

A

muscles

96
Q

In which illusory visions or sounds present themselves in the transition between Wakefulness and Sleep is …, experienced by Narcoleptic patients

A

hypnAGOGIC hallucinations

97
Q

In which a person will spontaneously produce purposeless sounds or acts without conscious intervention or censorship is …, experienced by Narcoleptic patients

A

Automatic behaviours

98
Q

Narcolepsy results from a lower level of … called Orexin (=HypoCretin)

A

Hormone

99
Q

Narcolepsy is identified as … disorder by some researchers

A

Autoimmune

100
Q

a bilateral structure located in the anterior part of the hypothalamus is…

A

suprachiasmatic Nucleus(SCN)

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