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Brain and Behaviour > L11-14 > Flashcards

L11-14 Flashcards

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1
Q

The patient H.M. underwent an experimental surgical procedure of removing his … lobe to relieve epileptic seizures

A

TEMPORAL

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2
Q

HM’s surgery resulted in severe … deficits

A

MEMORY

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3
Q

Inability to recognize objects … is one of memory functions HM had RETAINED (kept)

A

Agnosia

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4
Q

HM could acquire and express NEW skills and they IMPROVED, meaning he was able to update his … network of … connections

A

NEURAL and SYNAPTIC

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5
Q

Skills such as
- reading words presented backwards
- mirror drawing

improved, even though HM could NEVER … that he had been asked to perform

A

REMEMBER

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6
Q

HM’s memory loss is known as …

A

AMNESIA

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7
Q

… and prolonged study on HM tell us about what MEMORY is and how the brain manages to RECORD our PAST experiences

A

AMNESIA

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8
Q

… demonstrates a degree of functional INDEPENDENCE from other cognitive capacities

A

Amnesia

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9
Q

Memory is …

  • the ability to RECALL or … previous experience
  • … representation of previous experience
A

RECOGNIZE and MENTAL

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10
Q

HM’s surgery removed the BILATERAL MEDIAL … lobe including the …

A

TEMPORAL and HIPPOCAMPUS

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11
Q

Short term memory (=working memory) is considered as an …

A

Executive function

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12
Q

… cortex is mainly involved in working memory

A

Prefrontal

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13
Q

Various cortical and subcortical areas

  • hippocampus
  • limbic system
  • basal ganglia

are involved in … memory

A

Long term

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14
Q

Implicit (Unconscious; Procedural) and Explicit (Conscious; Declarative) memories are 2 categories of … memory

A

Long term

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15
Q

Procedural memory

  • demonstrates … such as a skill or conditioned response
  • … events when facilitated
A

KNOWLEDGE and RECALL

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16
Q

Declarative memory

  • recall or … SPECIFIC info
  • often affected in AMNESIA
A

Retrieve

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17
Q

Bottom up processing is for … information where info is encoded in the SAME way it was perceived

A

Implicit

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17
Q

What are 2 ways of ENCODING memories?

A

BOTTOM-UP and TOP-DOWN

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18
Q

Top down processing is for … information where info is recognized BEFORE it is encoded

A

Explicit

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19
Q

Tulving distinguished 2 types of EXPLICIT memory which are

A

EPISODIC and SEMANTIC

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20
Q

Episodic memory - ‘My dad went to Barcelona last week’ - has a potential to become … over time

A

Semantic

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21
Q

Semantic memory - Temporal lobe is involved in processing auditory information and encoding of memory - often requires … exposures

A

several

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22
Q

Events PRIOR to damage is …

A

Retrograde

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23
Q

Events FOLLOWING the damage is …

A

Anterograde

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24
Q

The timeline of … amnesia can vary from minutes to decades

and is often TEMPORARY

A

Retrograde

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25
Q

The severity of damage done on … is directly proportional to the LENGTH of retrograde amnesia

A

Hippocampus

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26
Q

… is located deep in the brain, hidden within the medial part of the temporal lobe

A

Hippocampus

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27
Q

There is a GREATER compromise (harm) of MORE recent memories than the remote ones = … gradient

A

Temporal

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28
Q

Consolidation of memory over time in Amnesia means you are more likely to forget memories that are … to the damage in timeline

A

Nearer

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29
Q

Amnesia affects various … modalities:

  • visual
  • auditory
  • somesthetic (touch, temperature sensitivity, and pain)
  • olfactory
A

Sensory

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30
Q

Amnesia affects

  • verbal and …
  • meaningful and …
  • spatial and …
A

nonverbal - nonsensical - nonspatial

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31
Q

Amnesia usually affects … memory of Explicit memory of Longterm memory

A

Episodic

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32
Q

Formation of new EPISODIC memories involves the … lobe, particularly the HIPPOCAMPUS

A

Medial Temporal

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33
Q

Ongoing debate:

Does episodic memory always rely on the … or is the information TEMPORARILY stored in the … before being CONSOLIDATED in the Neocortex (the 4 lobes)

A

HIPPOCAMPUS

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34
Q

Neocortex consists of … lobes

A

4

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35
Q

Episodic memory is affected by EMOTIONAL significance, involving the …

A

AMYGDALA

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36
Q

Neural circuits for Explicit memory:

… lobe consists of 3 cortices: Perirhinal, Parahippocampal and Entorhinal cortex

A

Medial Temporal

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37
Q

… cortices carry out cognitive processing, specifically reward-based decision-making

A

Cingulate

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38
Q

Neocortex and Cingulate cortices RECIPROCATE with … cortices (2)

A
  1. ParaHippocampal
  2. PerirHinal
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39
Q

PerirHinal cortex SEND info to … cortex and ParaHippocampal cortex RECEIVES info from … cortex

A

EntorHinal

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40
Q

EntorHinal cortex RECIPORCATES with the …

A

Hippocampus

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41
Q

PARahippocampal cortex

  • receives connections from … cortex
  • has a role in … processing
A

PArietal and VISUO-SPATIAL

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42
Q

PerirHinal cortex

  • receives connections from VISUAL regions of the … stream (known as the WHAT pathway)
  • has a role in … object memory
A

Ventral - Visual

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43
Q

EntorHinal cortex

  • has an … function
  • is the location of … CELL DEATH in AlzHeimer’s disease
A

INTEGRATIVE - INITIAL

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44
Q

Loss of ability to learn NEW info is … amnesia

A

Anterograde

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45
Q

Loss of ability to retrieve prior info is … amnesia

A

Retrograde

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46
Q

KorsaKoff syndrome is both … amnesias

A

Antero and Retro

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47
Q

KorsaKoff syndrome is caused by damage to … (hypo/thalamus, mammillary bodies)

A

Diencephalon

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48
Q

Chronic alcoholism or Malnutrition resulting in vitamin B1 deficiency could result in … syndrome

A

KorsaKoff

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49
Q

Confabulation in amnesiacs occur when patients fail to … currently irrelevant memories in favor of currently relevant ones

A

INHIBIT

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50
Q

2 types of Confabulations are

A

Provoked and Spontaneous

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51
Q

… confabulation occurs when one is pressed to remember details of a memory beyond their memory recall and can happen to non-injured people

A

Provoked

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52
Q

… confabulation occurs to people with specific types of brain injury where they generate confabulations without any EXTERNAL cues

A

Spontaneous

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53
Q

Confabulation is associated with the

  1. Medial …
  2. … cortex
  3. Links from the …-…
A

ORBITOFRONTAL - PREFRONTAL - HIPPOCAMPUS and HYPOTHALAMUS

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54
Q

Amnesia involves the … lobe and Confabulation involves the … lobe

A

Temporal - Frontal

55
Q

Clive Wearning - Man with 7 seconds memory - represents an … patient

A

Amnesia

56
Q

Exceptional ability to recall autobiographical information automatically is called HSAM or …

A

Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory

57
Q

HSAM participants have … specificity of recalling autobiographical memories, not digit-span forward, verbal-paired associates and visual reproduction

A

Domain

58
Q

HSAM patients have different … and … matter CONCENTRATIONS in 9 brain regions

A

WHITE and GREY

59
Q

Autobiographical network seems to involve:

  • inferior and middle .. gyri
  • anterior insula
  • para… gyrus (hint: neural network of explicit memory)
A

TEMPORAL - paraHIPPOCAMPAL

60
Q

Progressive loss of neuronal function and death of neurons associated with aging is …

A

NeuroDegeneration

61
Q

Neurodegenerative diseases include:

Common (2) and less common (2)

A

Common: AlzHeimer and Parkinson’s

Less common: Huntington’s and motor-neuron

62
Q

Prevalence of neurodegenerative conditions continues to … as the average age of the population increases. This implies: less workforce and more investment on healthcare for elderly

A

Increase

63
Q

AlzHeimer is the most common form of … taking 60-70%

A

Dementia

64
Q

… is a syndrome with 50million diagnosed people worldwide in which there is a deterioration in

  • memory
  • thinking
  • behaviour
  • ability to perform everyday activities
A

Dementia

65
Q

Dementia:

  1. Age onset is …
  2. More common in …
A

+ 65 years old and Females

66
Q

Auguste D. suffered:

  • quick change in personality
  • memory loss
  • confusion
  • unpredictable beahavior
  • paranoia
  • hallucinations

which are symptoms of … disease

A

Alzheimer

67
Q

Alzheimer cuases extensive cortical ATROPHY or …

A

Shrinking

68
Q

The 2 types of abnormal deposits/AGGREGATIONS found in AD patients are

  1. NeuroFibraillary … (TAU) = inside neurons
  2. Neuritic … (Amyloid) = between neurons
A

Tangles - Plaques

69
Q

Genetic predisposition of AD:

Strongest identified risk is the ApoE4 … which 1/4 of the population carry 1 copy of its gene

A

Protein

70
Q

AD causes:

  • Cortex shrinking/Atrophy
  • Ventricles with CerebroSpinal fluid enlarging
  • … shrinking
A

Hippocampus

71
Q

Amyloid plaque:

  1. .. system (entorhinal cortex and hippocampus-memory)
  2. Lobes (3) in more severe AD
  3. … cortices affected lastly
A
  1. Limbic
  2. Frontal, Temporal and Parietal
  3. Sensory and Motor
72
Q

Tau protein is responsible for maintaining … within AXONS and spreads to Cell body and Dendrities

A

Stability

73
Q

High levels of Amyloid-Beta alter … so that it cannot BIND properly to its usual targets within axons

A

TAU

74
Q

Areas of cell damage in the brain CORRELATE better with … levels than amyloid-Beta

A

Tau

75
Q

Moderate AD could cause … which is a Psychiatric Disorder

A

Depression

76
Q

3 neurotransmitters involved in memory and learning (ADS)

A

AcetylCholine, Dopaime (reward) and Serotonin

77
Q

2 Medications sued in AD treatment:

  1. … inhibitors (prevents acetylcholine breakdown to facilitate communication between neurons)
  2. …. antagonist (glutamate regulation which causes neuroToxicity)
A

AcetylCholineSterase - NMDA

78
Q

Alternative therapies in AD …

A

Music and Art, Physical and Cognitive Training, Validation (working through emotions behind hardships) and Reminiscence therapy (happy memories)

78
Q

A neurodegenerative disorder that affects predominantly DOPAMINERGIC neurons in Substantia Nigra (dopamine producing cells decrease)

A

Parkinson’s disease

79
Q

DopaminErgic means

A

dopamine-producing

80
Q

PD has worldwide 9.5 million patients

  • age of onset is …
  • more prevalent in …
A

plus 60 - males (x2 than females)

81
Q

Slowness of movement in PD is called

A

BradyKinesia

82
Q

Distinctive, less steady walk that arises from changes in posture, slowness of movement (bradykinesia) and a shortened stride is called …

A

Parkinsonian Gait

83
Q

PD symptoms:

  1. Pill-Rolling tremor (mostly hands)
  2. … = movement slowness
  3. Limb …
  4. … and Balance problems
A

BradyKinesia - Rigidity - Gait

84
Q

A person with this tremor may appear to be rolling a pill or small object between their thumb and index finger. This is … tremor found in PD

A

Pill-Rolling

85
Q

Which of the 2 neurodegenerative disorders have a younger oneset (<50) when it comes to genetic predisposition?

A

PD

86
Q

PD primarily affects the … which is a Subcortical structures found deep in the brain

A

Basal Ganglia

87
Q

Basal Ganglia is involved in

  • direct and indirect pathways of facilitating and inhibiting …
  • motivation and REWARD processing
A

Movement

88
Q

PD patients’ … (internally-generated) movements are particularly affected and less to EXTERNAL stimuli

A

Automatic/Spontaneous

89
Q

IN PD, dopamine producing cells in the … called the Black Substance decrease, which impair movement (but its receptors are present)

A

SubStantia Nigria

90
Q

Many people with … develop …

(hint: dementia and PD)

A

PD - dementia

91
Q

This dementia has an onset at least 1 year AFTER diagnosis based on motor signs

A

PD

92
Q

This dementia develops BEFORE or ALONGSIDE motor signs

A

Lewy Body

93
Q

LevoDopa (also called Ldopa) is a … treatment for Parkinson’s but it is not a cure

A

Sympotamtic

94
Q

L-dopa crosses the … (BBB) and converts to DOPAMINE, but has side-effects including abnormal, uncontrolled involuntary movements = DysKinesia)

A

Blood-Brain Barrier

95
Q

Other treatments of PD include:

  • DBS where … and impulse generator battery (called an IPG) are implanted to provide electrical stimulation to targeted areas in the brain that control movement
  • exercise, music, dance therapies
A

Electrodes

96
Q

In treating PD< dancing could help due to Action Observation and … Imagery where both Simulation and Observation improve the actual movement

A

Motor

97
Q

A neurodegeneration

  • caused by genetic predisposition of an AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT
  • average onset of 40 years
  • DysKinesias
  • only Symptotomatic treatments available
A

Huntington’s disease

98
Q

HP has 4 major changes:

  1. Movement
  2. Behaviour
  3. Mood (personality change)
  4. Cognition
A

MBMC

99
Q

Excessive involuntary movements of HD is called

A

Chorea

100
Q

Abnormal sustained muscle contractions in HD is called

A

Dystonia

101
Q

HD is a gain of function mutation because a mutated … is created

A

Protein

102
Q

HD primarily affects … and other cortical, subcortical areas

A

Basal Ganglia (motor control)

103
Q

Acquired neurological disorders include: (2)

A
  1. Traumatic Brain Injury
  2. Stroke
104
Q

4 major symptoms of HD:

  1. Chorea
  2. Impaired coordination and …
  3. Muscle …
  4. Difficulty … and or Swallowing

+ dementia and depression

A

Balance - Rigidity - Speaking

105
Q

Acquired neurological disorders can be caused by

  1. Traumatic or non…
  2. Sudden or … decline
  3. Focal (very specific brain region) or … (different areas)
A

Traumatic - Gradual - Diffuse

106
Q

Sclerosis in MS means … and ‘hardness’ in greek

A

Scars

107
Q

In MS, neurons around the site of … tend to go through apoptosis which slows down or blocks signals from being transmitted

A

DeMyelination

108
Q

An auto-immune, progressive inflammation of myelin sheath in the CNS is called

  • 2 million worlswide
  • onset: 20 to 30
  • 3:1 Male:Female
A

Multiple ScleRosis

109
Q

3 subtypes of MS:

  1. …-Remitting (85%)
  2. Primary-progressive
  3. Secondary-progressive
A

Relapsing

110
Q

About 85% of people have this MS

  • recurrent acute relapse
  • partial or total recovery
A

Relapsing Remitting (RR)

111
Q

Accounts for 10% of cases

  • no attacks
  • progressive and steady decline of neurological functions
A

Primary-Progressive (PP)

112
Q
  • Gradual transition from RR MS
  • Steady decline apart from relapse episodes
A

Secondary-Progressive (SP)

113
Q

MS Risk factors:

  • genetic component
  • geographical area: the FURTHER from the EQUATOR you live in, the more … you are (due to low Vitamin D)
  • smoking
  • obesity
A

Susceptible

114
Q

MS brain changes:

  1. Acute inflammation of … sheath surrounding the axons of the CNS
  2. Formation of hard … at the demyelination site (Optic nerve, brainstem, basal ganglia, spinal cord)
A

Myelin - Plaques

115
Q

MS patients:

  • profound …
  • mild cognitive functions or … loss (but varies from person to person)
A

Fatigue - Memory

116
Q

Phineas Gage is an example of … patient

A

TBI

117
Q

TBI:

  • less than 50 million
  • most common in young males
  • 1/2 accompanied by other injuries

has 3 consequences:

A

Sensorimotor, Cognitive, Behavioural

118
Q

… damage (contrecoup injury) is opposite site impairment

A

ContraLateral

119
Q

In TBI, … forces is

  • jolting extremely fast
  • where white and grey matters with different densities that move at different speeds cause DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY (DAI)
A

Rotational

120
Q

TBI mostly damages (2) regions

A

Frontal and Temporal

121
Q

In TBI

  1. … is low blood pressure
  2. … is oxygen deprivation
  3. Cerebral … and swelling (scars in tissues)
  4. … is water gathering on the surface of the brain
  5. Infection
  6. Epilepsy
A
  1. HypoTension
  2. Hypoxia
  3. contusions
  4. HydroCephalus
122
Q

Acute TBI could result in:

  1. … = unconsciousness
  2. Disorientation
  3. Cognitive
  4. Personality and Mood
A

Coma

123
Q

… neglect which is inability to attend tot the contralateral side of space is caused by STROKES

A

Hemi-Spatial

124
Q

Strokes:

  • 80 million
  • plus 65 years
  • also called CVA which stands for …
  • 2nd highest cause of death and 3rd highest cause of disability
A

CerebroVascular Accident

125
Q

The 2 types of Strokes are

A

IsChemic and HaeMorrHagic

126
Q

Blockage of blood vessel in brain is … stroke

  1. Embolic
  2. Thrombotic
A

IsChemic

127
Q

Embolic is when … clot from elsewhere in the body blocks the vessels (IsChemic)

A

blood

128
Q

Thrombotic is when blood clot develops in … supplying blood to BRAIN (IsChemic)

A

Artery

129
Q

Bursting of vessels is …

  1. IntraCerebral (deep inside the brain)
  2. SubArarchNoid (surface of the brain)
A

HaeMorrHagic

130
Q

FAST in strokes stands for:

A

Facial - Arm - Speech -Time

131
Q

Strokes affecting the … lobe can cause movement impairments

A

Frontal

132
Q

Paralysis or Weakness to one side of body due to strokes (contralateral to damage) is … or …

A

HemiPlegia or HemiParesis

133
Q

Impairment in planning and executing movements caused by strokes is …

A

Apraxia

134
Q

Agnosias (recognition disorders) and Hemispatial neglect can be caused by … in the … lobe

A

Strokes - Occipital

135
Q

Treatments for … include: physiotherapy and wide variety of other therapies

A

strokes

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