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Transfusion Science > L.7 Donors and Blood Collection > Flashcards

L.7 Donors and Blood Collection Flashcards

1
Q

What is the approximate population of Ireland?

A

5.4 million

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2
Q

What is the national blood requirement for donations in Ireland each year?

A

150,000 donations

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3
Q

How many IBTS centres are there in Ireland?

A

Multiple centres including Dublin d’Olier Street, Bloodmobile (3), Ardee, Carlow, Cork, Limerick, Tuam

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4
Q

What is the shelf life of blood?

A

35 days

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5
Q

How many patients need a blood transfusion each year in Ireland?

A

70,000 patients

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6
Q

What fraction of people will need a blood transfusion in their lifetime?

A

1 in 4

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7
Q

How many donations does the Irish Blood Transfusion Service need each week?

A

3,000 donations

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8
Q

What percentage of the community are active blood donors?

A

1 in 450

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9
Q

What are the two types of blood donors?

A
  • Paid donors
  • Volunteer, unpaid donors
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10
Q

Which types of donors are preferred globally?

A

Volunteer, unpaid donors

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11
Q

What organizations advocate for voluntary, non-remunerated blood donors?

A
  • International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT)
  • World Health Organization (WHO)
  • Red Cross/Red Crescent
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12
Q

How are blood donation services organized?

A

At national, regional, or hospital-based levels

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13
Q

What is essential for maintaining an adequate and safe blood supply?

A

Effective public awareness and promotion of donation

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14
Q

Fill in the blank: Ireland requires approximately _______ donations per week to meet national demand.

A

3,000

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15
Q

What challenges can lead to decreased donor numbers?

A
  • Negative media coverage
  • Public misconceptions
  • Emerging infections
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16
Q

What is essential for maintaining donor trust and participation?

A

Constant engagement and communication

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17
Q

What is homologous donation?

A

Volunteer, donating a single unit for the benefit of others

Most common type of blood donation; donated blood is for general use and not reserved for any individual patient.

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18
Q

How often can donors donate blood in homologous donation?

A

Every 90 days

This interval allows for recovery and ensures safety in blood donation.

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19
Q

What is paid donation?

A

Usually by Commercial companies

This type of donation often raises ethical concerns regarding safety and motivation.

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20
Q

What is autologous donation?

A

Donor who is also the proposed recipient

This allows a patient to be transfused with his or her own blood collected in advance of a planned operation.

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21
Q

What is the primary purpose of collecting autologous blood?

A

For planned operations such as hip replacement or plastic surgery

This method ensures that the blood transfused is the patient’s own, reducing the risk of transfusion reactions.

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22
Q

What is a directed donor?

A

Family or friend ‘nominated’ donor

Blood provided by a patient’s relatives or friends does not reduce the risk of viral transmission and can be less safe than homologous donation.

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23
Q

What is apheresis?

A

The provision of large amounts of a ‘specific’ component of blood

Involves drawing blood from the donor into a centrifuge that separates blood components.

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24
Q

How does apheresis work?

A

Blood is drawn from donor into centrifuge that separates blood into red cells, platelets, white cells, plasma

The required component is then drawn into a collection bag.

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25
How often can plateletpheresis donors donate platelets?
Every month (28 days) ## Footnote This frequency is allowed due to the specific recovery time for platelets.
26
What is therapeutic donation?
Haemochromatosis ## Footnote This is a condition where therapeutic phlebotomy is used to manage iron overload.
27
What is replacement donation?
In the developing world where there is no structured blood donation system ## Footnote Patients often bring family members, friends, or villagers to donate for them.
28
What is one primary motivation for blood donation?
Altruism ## Footnote Altruism refers to the selfless concern for the well-being of others.
29
Which motivation for blood donation is influenced by social environments like work or college?
Peer Pressure ## Footnote Peer pressure can encourage individuals to donate blood based on the actions of their peers.
30
What term describes the motivation based on potential future personal health needs?
Enlightened self-interest ## Footnote Enlightened self-interest involves donating with the understanding that one might need blood in the future.
31
Name a motivation for blood donation that relates to family heritage.
Family tradition ## Footnote Family tradition may involve a history of blood donation within a family.
32
What personal experience can motivate someone to donate blood?
Personal or professional experience of transfusion ## Footnote Individuals who have experienced transfusions may feel compelled to donate.
33
Which motivation for blood donation is associated with unique blood types or specific medical needs?
Rare blood group or neonatal use ## Footnote Some individuals may donate due to the need for rare blood types or neonatal transfusions.
34
What type of non-monetary gifts might blood donors receive?
Lapel badges, recognition of landmark donations ## Footnote Non-monetary incentives can include tokens of appreciation for donors.
35
How does patriotism serve as a motivation for blood donation?
Patriotism ## Footnote Some individuals may feel a sense of duty or pride in contributing to their country through blood donation.
36
What opportunity can motivate individuals to donate blood at some centers?
Opportunity for medical testing ## Footnote Some blood donation centers offer additional health tests, such as cholesterol testing.
37
In developing countries, what motivation might lead someone to donate blood?
Replacement for a family member ## Footnote In some cultures, individuals may donate blood to replace a family member who needs it.
38
What is one effective strategy for increasing blood donor recruitment?
Increase public awareness through TV/Radio, posters, leaflets, Facebook ## Footnote Raising awareness can help attract more potential donors.
39
What does direct marketing in donor recruitment involve?
Targeting pre-selected potential donors ## Footnote Direct marketing focuses on reaching individuals who are likely to donate.
40
How can school curricula contribute to blood donation awareness?
Instil awareness in children ## Footnote Educating children about blood donation can foster a culture of giving.
41
What is a key aspect of establishing a national identity for blood donation?
Logos, emblems, slogans ## Footnote A recognizable identity can help unify and promote blood donation efforts.
42
Who can help organize clinics and advertising for blood donation?
Local community volunteers ## Footnote Community involvement is crucial for effective blood donation campaigns.
43
What initiatives are important for donor recruitment and retention?
Donor Recruitment/Retention Initiatives ## Footnote These initiatives are designed to keep donors engaged and returning.
44
What is one reason for donor drop-out related to time?
Lack of time and communication ## Footnote Busy schedules and poor communication can lead to individuals not donating.
45
What can contribute to a donor's unfavorable experience leading to drop-out?
Unhappy past experience ## Footnote Negative past experiences can deter individuals from future donations.
46
How can poor treatment by staff affect blood donation?
Bad handling by the blood bank personnel ## Footnote Donors may feel discouraged if they encounter unprofessional behavior.
47
What issue might arise at the time of blood donation that can lead to drop-out?
Donor reactions at the time of blood donation ## Footnote Adverse reactions during donation can cause reluctance to return.
48
What can lead to a donor feeling unappreciated?
Failure to appreciate the efforts of blood donors ## Footnote Recognition and appreciation are key to retaining donors.
49
What perception about blood could discourage donations?
Impression that blood is being mis-utilized ## Footnote Concerns about how blood is used can affect donor willingness.
50
What situation regarding previous donations might lead to a donor's drop-out?
Deferral the last time ## Footnote If a donor was deferred previously, they may hesitate to donate again.
51
What is the annual dropout rate of donors in the UK?
About 15% of donors stop donating each year ## Footnote Common reasons include health changes, relocation, or inconvenience.
52
What measures can be taken to improve donor retention?
* Avoid unnecessary deferrals * Welcome back temporarily deferred donors * Improve convenience with accessible donation sites * Ensure donation centers are clean and welcoming * Employ friendly, well-trained staff * Provide post-donation care and clear instructions * Use follow-up systems like SMS reminders and thank-you letters
53
What is the main aim of the blood donation process?
To protect both the donor and the recipient
54
What is the age range for donor selection?
18 to 65/70 years
55
How often can a donor donate blood in a year?
Up to 4 times per year
56
What is the typical volume donated during blood donation?
Approximately 450 ml into 63 ml of anticoagulant - CPDA
57
What is the minimum weight requirement for blood donors?
50 kg (7 st 2 lbs)
58
What is the minimum haemoglobin level for female donors?
12.5 g/dl
59
What is the minimum haemoglobin level for male donors?
13.5 g/dl
60
What are the blood pressure limits for donors?
< 180 mm/Hg systolic; 100 mm Hg diastolic
61
Name one permanent exclusion criterion for blood donors.
* High risk behaviours * Chronic infections (e.g., HIV, HBV) * Hepatitis A infection * Risk of CJD * Other diseases of unknown or viral aetiology
62
What are some temporary exclusion criteria for blood donors?
* Sexual contacts of high risk partners * Recent ear or body piercing * Recent tattoo or acupuncture * Recent blood transfusion * Recent vaccinations * Recent foreign travel to malaria endemic areas * Recent pregnancy * Recent surgery
63
Who should manage donations according to Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)?
Only qualified staff ## Footnote Ensures adherence to safety and quality standards.
64
Why are slow donations typically not used for platelet preparation?
Due to quality concerns ## Footnote Slow flow may affect the viability of platelets.
65
What should donors do after donating blood?
Rest and receive refreshments ## Footnote Helps in recovery and prevents adverse reactions.
66
What are first-time donors more prone to experiencing?
Vasovagal reactions (fainting) ## Footnote Increased anxiety and physical response to donation.
67
What should all donors be informed about?
Possible adverse reactions ## Footnote Encouragement to report any issues enhances safety.
68
What is included in the laboratory testing of donated blood?
Safety tests ## Footnote Each donated unit is rigorously tested for various conditions.
69
What does blood grouping testing include?
ABO and Rh D typing, and extended typing for other antigens ## Footnote Essential for proper blood matching.
70
Which infectious diseases are screened in donated blood?
* Hepatitis B (HBsAg) * HIV 1 and 2 * HTLV 1 & 2 * Hepatitis C * Syphilis * Malaria * Cytomegalovirus (CMV) * Nucleic Acid Testing (NAT) ## Footnote Comprehensive screening ensures donor and recipient safety.
71
What is the volume of blood collected during a donation?
475ml of Blood + 63mL of anticoagulant ## Footnote Anticoagulant is necessary to prevent clotting.
72
What components are included in the collected blood?
* RBCs * Plasma * Buffy coat ## Footnote Each component serves different medical purposes.
73
What is the expiry date for donated blood?
35 days ## Footnote After this period, the blood may no longer be safe for transfusion.
74
What is the purpose of leucodepletion?
To remove white blood cells (leukocytes) from blood products ## Footnote Primarily to minimize the risk of vCJD transmission.
75
What year was leucodepletion introduced universally in many countries?
1999 ## Footnote Countries like the UK and Ireland adopted this practice.
76
What are some additional benefits of leucodepletion?
* Fewer febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reactions (FNHTRs) * Lower risk of TRALI * Reduced alloimmunization * Decreased chance of Graft vs Host Disease (GVHD) * May help mitigate Transfusion-Related Immunomodulation (TRIM) ## Footnote Enhances overall safety and effectiveness of blood transfusions.

Transfusion Science (13 decks)

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