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Transfusion Science > L.6 Other Blood Group Systems > Flashcards

L.6 Other Blood Group Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is the ISBT code for the MNS Blood Group System?

A

002

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2
Q

Who discovered the MNS Blood Group System and in what year?

A

Landsteiner and Levine in 1927

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3
Q

What was the source of antibodies for MN typing in the MNS Blood Group System?

A

Immunised rabbits

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4
Q

How long did the MNS Blood Group System remain a simple two allele system?

A

20 years

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5
Q

In what year was the ‘S’ antigen defined, and by whom?

A

1947 by Montgomery and Walsh

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6
Q

What is the antithetical antigen to ‘S’ and when was it identified?

A

‘s’ in 1951 by Levine et al.

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7
Q

On which chromosome are the genes for the MNS Blood Group System closely linked?

A

Chromosome 4

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8
Q

Where do the MNS antigens reside on red blood cells?

A

Major red cell Glycophorins-GPA and GPB

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9
Q

What type of immunoglobulin are Anti-M and Anti-N typically classified as?

A

IgM

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10
Q

True or False: Anti-M and Anti-N are rarely associated with hemolytic transfusion reactions (HTR) or hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDNB).

A

True

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11
Q

What are the possible complications associated with Anti-S and Anti-s?

A

HTR and HDN very possible

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12
Q

What percentage of the population has the MM genotype?

A

28%

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13
Q

What percentage of the population has the MN genotype?

A

50%

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14
Q

What percentage of the population has the NN genotype?

A

22%

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15
Q

What percentage of the population has the SS genotype?

A

11%

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16
Q

What percentage of the population has the Ss genotype?

A

44%

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17
Q

What percentage of the population has the ss genotype?

A

45%

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18
Q

What are MNSs antigens susceptible to?

A

Enzyme degradation

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19
Q

Name three proteolytic enzymes used in blood group serology that can cleave MNSs antigens.

A
  • Papain
  • Bromelin
  • Ficin
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20
Q

Fill in the blank: MNSs antigens can be cleaved from the RBC surface, which reduces the _______ forces between RBCs.

A

repulsive

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21
Q

What is the ISBT code for the Kell Blood group System?

A

006

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22
Q

Who discovered the Kell Blood group System and in what year?

A

Mrs. Kellacher in 1946

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23
Q

What percentage of the population reacts with the K-antigen (K1)?

A

9%

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24
Q

What is the allelic partner of the K-antigen and when was it discovered?

A

k-antigen (K2) discovered in 1949

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25
Are K and k antigens antithetical or identical?
Antithetical
26
How immunogenic is the K antigen compared to others?
Very immunogenic, second to D antigen
27
What type of immunoglobulin is usually associated with the K antigen?
IgG
28
What complications can the K antigen cause?
HTR, HDN
29
In which groups are anti-K antibodies often found?
Transfused persons and multiparous women
30
Can anti-K antibodies be found in non-transfused children?
Yes, occasionally following a bacterial infection like E.coli
31
On which chromosome are the Kell system genes located?
Chromosome 7
32
What is the prevalence of the KK genotype in the population?
0.2%
33
What is the prevalence of the Kk genotype in the population?
8.8%
34
What is the prevalence of the kk genotype in the population?
91%
35
At what stage of life are Kell antigens well-developed?
At birth
36
Where are the Kell antigens expressed?
On a RBC glycoprotein
37
What test is required for in vitro demonstration of Kell antigens?
Antiglobulin (Coombes) test
38
What antibody was discovered by Mr. Duffy in 1950?
Anti-Fya ## Footnote This discovery was made in a multi-transfused haemophiliac.
39
What is the antithetical antibody and antigen discovered in 1951?
Anti-Fyb ## Footnote This discovery followed the identification of Anti-Fya.
40
What term is used for populations lacking Duffy antigens?
Fy(a-b-) ## Footnote This was observed in many black populations.
41
List the additional Duffy antigens recognized beyond Fya and Fyb.
* Fy3 * Fy4 * Fy5 * Fy6 ## Footnote These antigens do not often feature in routine transfusion testing.
42
What is the frequency of Fy(a+b-) phenotype?
1% ## Footnote This phenotype indicates the presence of Fyb antigen and absence of Fya.
43
What is the frequency of Fy(a-b+) phenotype?
34% ## Footnote This phenotype indicates the presence of Fya antigen and absence of Fyb.
44
What is the frequency of Fy(a+b+) phenotype?
49% ## Footnote This phenotype indicates the presence of both Fya and Fyb antigens.
45
What is the frequency of Fy(a-b-) phenotype?
Rare in whites, high frequency in some black populations ## Footnote This indicates the absence of both Fya and Fyb antigens.
46
When are Duffy antigens expressed on red blood cells?
From birth ## Footnote Duffy antigens are fully expressed on RBCs from the moment of birth.
47
What type of enzymes are Duffy antigens sensitive to?
Proteolytic enzymes ## Footnote Examples include ficin, papain, and bromelin.
48
What effect do proteolytic enzymes have on enzyme-treated RBCs?
Makes them non-reactive with anti-Fya or anti-Fyb antibodies ## Footnote This is significant for lab testing.
49
What genetic relationship do Fya and Fyb have?
Codominant alleles of the FY gene ## Footnote This means an individual can express both, one, or neither of the antigens.
50
What class of antibodies are Anti-Fya and Anti-Fyb typically?
IgG class antibodies ## Footnote This class of antibodies can cross the placenta.
51
What complications can Anti-Fya and Anti-Fyb antibodies be involved in?
* Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN) * Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions (HTRs) ## Footnote These antibodies can activate complement and contribute to intravascular hemolysis during transfusion reactions.
52
Are Anti-Fya and Anti-Fyb antibodies naturally occurring?
No, they develop in response to transfusion or pregnancy ## Footnote This indicates they are not present in the absence of these events.
53
What test is required for the detection of Anti-Fya and Anti-Fyb antibodies in vitro?
Antiglobulin test (Coombes test) ## Footnote This test is crucial for the detection of these antibodies.
54
What happens to Duffy antigens over time on stored RBCs?
They tend to deteriorate ## Footnote This can lead to weaker reactions or missed antibody detection in serological testing.
55
What phenotype shows resistance to invasion by Plasmodium knowlesi?
Fy(a–b–) phenotype ## Footnote This phenotype is associated with resistance to malaria parasites closely related to Plasmodium vivax.
56
What is the binding site used by malaria parasites to invade RBCs?
Fy6 antigen ## Footnote The Fy6 antigen is a specific epitope of the Duffy glycoprotein.
57
What prevents the malaria parasite from attaching to RBCs in individuals with the Fy(a–b–) phenotype?
Lack of Fy6 antigen ## Footnote Individuals with this phenotype do not have the Fy6 antigen on their RBC surfaces.
58
In which populations is the Fy(a–b–) phenotype common?
West and Central African ancestry, particularly African Americans ## Footnote This phenotype is extremely rare in Caucasian or Asian populations.
59
What selective pressure has likely led to the evolutionary selection of the Fy(a–b–) phenotype?
Endemic malaria ## Footnote This phenotype provides a survival advantage by reducing the risk of infection by P. vivax.
60
When was the Kidd Blood Group System discovered?
1951 ## Footnote It was discovered following a case of haemolytic disease of the newborn.
61
What antigen was named after the Kidd Blood Group System's discovery?
Jka ## Footnote Named after the 6th child born to Mrs. Kidd.
62
What is a common complication associated with Kidd antibodies?
Delayed haemolytic transfusion reactions (DHTRs) ## Footnote Kidd antibodies often occur alongside other antibodies, complicating detection.
63
What are the two codominant alleles responsible for the Kidd Blood Group System?
Jka and Jkb ## Footnote These alleles result in three common phenotypes.
64
What percentage of Jk(a-b+) is found in White and Black populations?
White populations = 23%, Black populations = 8% ## Footnote These percentages indicate the distribution of this phenotype among different populations.
65
What percentage of Jk(a+b-) is found in White and Black populations?
White populations = 27%, Black populations = 51% ## Footnote Indicates a higher prevalence of this phenotype in Black populations.
66
What percentage of Jk(a+b+) is found in White and Black populations?
White populations = 50%, Black populations = 41% ## Footnote This phenotype is more common in White populations.
67
What is the frequency of the Jk(a-b-) phenotype?
Extremely rare ## Footnote More common in Polynesians.
68
What role does the Kidd antigen play on the RBC membrane?
Acts as a urea transporter ## Footnote This function is important for RBC physiology.
69
What is the demonstration method required for Kidd antibodies in vitro?
Indirect Antiglobulin Test (IAT) ## Footnote This method is crucial for detecting Kidd antibodies.
70
What percentage of DHTRs are Kidd antibodies responsible for?
Approx. 30% ## Footnote Indicates the significance of Kidd antibodies in transfusion reactions.
71
What factors complicate the detection of Kidd antibodies?
Antigen deterioration and dosage effect ## Footnote Weaker reactions may occur when the antigen is heterozygous.
72
How can Kidd antibodies be enhanced for detection?
By using enzyme-treated RBCs ## Footnote This method improves the visibility of Kidd antibodies.
73
What types of immunoglobulins can Kidd antibodies be?
IgG, IgM, or mixed ## Footnote This variety can activate complement and lead to intravascular haemolysis.
74
Is haemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) common with Kidd antigens?
Rare ## Footnote Kidd antigens are found on fetal cells at 11 weeks of gestation.

Transfusion Science (13 decks)

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