L7 Flashcards
1
Q
Organized into a Root
system and Shoot system
A
plant body
2
Q
Generally
underground
Dark, moist soil
A
root system
3
Q
Aboveground (aerial
portion)
Illuminated, relatively dry
A
shoot system
4
Q
Consist of vertical stem
bearing leaves, and in
flowering plants, flowers
and fruits that contain
seeds
A
shoot system
5
Q
Do not develop persistent woody parts above ground
A
herbaceous plants
6
Q
Develops persistent woody parts above ground
A
woody plants
7
Q
completely lose their leaves for a
period of time each year (winter), replacing them
when favorable conditions return
A
deciduous
8
Q
do not lose all their leaves at once
(retain their leaves all year long)
A
evergreen
9
Q
Grows, reproduce,
and die in 1 year or
season
A
annuals
10
Q
Take 2 years to
complete their life
cycles
A
biennials
11
Q
During their first season, biennials produce extra__
A
carbohydrates
12
Q
Are woody or herbaceous plants
that live for more than 2 years
A
perennials
13
Q
All woody plants are __
A
perennials
14
Q
is the basic
structural and functional unit of plants.
A
cell
15
Q
Like animal cells, plant cells are organized into
A
tissues
16
Q
A group of cells that forms a structural and
functional unit
A
tissues
17
Q
composed of only 1 kind cell
A
simple tissues
18
Q
2 or more kinds cells
A
complex tissues
19
Q
Tissue Systems of Plants
A
ground
vascular
dermal
20
Q
Functions: Photosynthesis, Storage, and Support
A
ground tissue system
21
Q
Function: Conduction of various substances (water, dissolved minerals, and food-sugar)
A
vascular tissue system
22
Q
Function: Covering for the plant body
A
dermal tissue system
23
Q
An organized group of
tissues that work together
to perform a specific
function
A
organ
24
Q
Branch extensively through the soil
A
roots
25
Anchors the plant firmly in place
roots
26
Absorbs water and dissolved
minerals from the soil
roots
27
Flattened organs
leaves
28
For photosynthesis (sunlight and
Co2 to produce carbohydrates)
leaves
29
Attached on the stem
leaves
30
Provide structural support -
that surrounds each plant cell
cell wall
31
stretches
and expands as the cell
increases in size
primary cell wall
32
thick
and strong (between primary
and plasma membrane)
secondary cell wall
33
Simple tissue composed __ cells
parenchyma
34
Found throughout the plant body.
Most common type of cell and tissue
parenchyma tissue
35
soft part of the plant = edible part of apple or potato
parenchyma tissue
36
Functions:
-Photosynthesis
-Storage (starch grains, oil droplets, water and salts)
-Secretion
parenchyma cells
37
Have active metabolism.
Have the ability to differentiate
into other kinds of cells
parenchyma cells
38
Simple and flexible tissue
collenchyma tissue
39
Support in soft, non-woody plant organs
collenchyma tissue
40
Elongated.
Primary cell walls are
unevenly thickened
collenchyma cells
41
Especially thick in the
corners
collenchyma cells
42
Simple tissue for structural support
sclerenchyma tissue
43
greek word of "hard"
sclera
44
Strong and hard secondary cell walls due to extreme
thickening
sclerenchyma tissue
45
Provide support and unable to stretch or elongate
sclerenchyma tissue
46
Two types of Sclerenchyma
cells
sclereids
fibers
47
Short and variable in shape.
Nutshells, stones in fruits (cherries)
sclereids
48
Long.
Often in groups or clumps.
Abundant in wood, inner bark and leaf ribs (veins) of flowering plants
fibers
49
(parenchyma)
wall predominantly contains __ and may also contain ___
cellulose
hemicellulose and pectin
50
(Collenchyma)
Thickened areas of primary walls contain large quantities of
pectin
51
(sclerenchyma)
secondary walls are rich in
lignin
52
Embedded in the ground tissue
vascular tissue system
53
Transports needed materials
throughout the plant via two complex tissues:
vascular tissue system
xylem and phloem
54
Conducts water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the stems and leaves
xylem
55
Complex tissue (4 different types of cells) (xylem)
Tracheids
Vessel elements
Xylem parenchyma cells
Fibers
56
Chief water conducting cells in gymnosperms
and seedless vascular plants (Ex. ferns)
tracheids
57
Long, tapering cells
tracheids
58
water entry from one tracheid to another;
secondary walls did not form in this area
pits
59
5 types based on their structure secondary cell wall thickening patterns:
(tracheids)
spiral
scalariform
pitted type
reticulate
annular
60
appear ladder like
scalariform
60
helical or spiral appearance
spiral
61
with rounded depressions or pore-like
structures called pits
pitted type
62
webbed or net-like
reticulate
63
ring-like forms
annular
64
Flowering plants.
Conduct water and dissolved materials
vessel elements
65
wider cell diameter, have__
perforations/perforation
plates
66
stack of vessel elements (like a miniature water pipe) Also have pits in the sidewalls for lateral transport of water
vessel
67
storage functions
xylem parenchyma cells
68
provide support
fibers
69
Conducts carbohydrates (dissolved in water)
throughout the plant
phloem
70
Complex tissue (4 different types of cells) (phloem)
sieve tube elements
companion cells
phloem parenchyma cells
fibers
71
Conducts sugar in solution.
Long and thin cells
sieve tube elements
72
Among the few eukaryotic cells that lack a nucleus (typically live for less than a year)
sieve tube elements
73
cell end walls; have holes through
which the cytoplasm extends from one sieve-
tube element into the next
sieve plates
74
sieve tube elements joined/stacked
end to end
sieve tubes
75
Assists the sieve tube element
companion cells
76
Living cell with a nucleus that directs the activities of both companion cell and sieve tube element
companion cells
77
companion cells has numerous __
plasmodesmata
78
Are cytoplasmic channels through the cell walls of
adjacent plant cells
plasmodesmata
79
Provides protective
covering over plant parts
dermal tissue system
80
two complex tissues (DTS)
epidermis
periderm
81
Complex tissue
In most plants: the __consists of single layer of cells
epidermis
82
epidermis has:
epidermal cells
guard cells
trichomes
83
Thicker cell walls toward the outside of the plant to provide protection
epidermal cells
84
no chloroplasts =
transparent
85
Secrete a waxy layer over the surfaces of their walls =
cuticle (epidermal tissue
86
Change shape to open/close stomatal pore
guard cells
87
tiny pores (plural) in the epidermis
between two cells; facilitates diffusion of CO2
stomata
stoma (singular)
88
Special outgrowths or hairs
trichomes
89
remove excess salt.
reflect off light.
protective function.
trichomes
90
simple, unbranched trichomes that increase the surface
area of roots (for more effective water and mineral absorption)
root hairs
91
Outer bark of older stems and roots
periderm
92
Complex tissue composed of: (periderm)
cork cells
cork parenchyma cells
93
Walls heavily coated with suberin (waterproof substance)
Prevent water loss
cork cells
94
cork parenchyma cells aka.__
phelloderm
95
Function primarily on storage
cork parenchyma cells
96
Plant growth involves 3 different processes
cell division
cell elongation
cell differentiation
97
Results in increase in the number of cells
cell division
98
as the cytoplasm grows and the vacuole fills
with water = exerts pressure on the cell wall and causes it to
expand
cell elongation
99
Regions of growth.
Cells actively divide (mitosis)
meristems
100
plants retain the capability
for growth throughout life span
persistence of meristems
101
Kinds of Meristematic growth
primary growth
secondary growth
indeterminate growth
determinate growth
102
Increase in a plant’s length
primary growth
103
Occurs at the tips of stems and roots
primary growth
104
Increase in plant’s girth
secondary growth
105
Grow throughout the plants lifetime (roots and stems)
indeterminate growth
106
Stop growing after reaching a certain size (leaves and flowers)
determinate growth
107
Area of cell division at tips of roots and shoots
apical meristem
108
Results to primary growth.
Increase in stem and root length.
Occurs in all plant.
apical meristem
109
primary meristems
Protoderm, Ground meristem and
Procambium
110
Develops to become the epidermis
protoderm
111
Gives rise to the cortex, pith and ground tissues
(transport, storage and support)
ground meristem
112
Develops into the primary xylem and phloem
procambium
113
protects
the root apical
meristem where
cells divide
root cap
114
Division results to secondary growth
lateral meristems
115
Increase in girth.
Gymnosperms and woody eudicots.
Wood and bark
lateral meristems
116
Two lateral meristems:
vascular cambium
Cork cambium
117
produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem (wood and inner bark respectively)
vascular cambium
118
produces cork cells and cork parenchyma for storage functions (make up the periderm)
cork cambium
