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L5 Flashcards

1
Q

Aka. Plasma membrane

A

cell membrane

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2
Q

Protects the cell from external environment

A

cell membrane

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3
Q

Physical boundary that confines the contents of a cell to an internal compartment

A

cell membrane

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4
Q

Regulates the flow of materials into and out of the cell

A

cell membrane

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5
Q

Characterized the cell membrane as consisting of a double layer/bilayer of lipid molecules

A

The Fluid Mosaic Model

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6
Q

hydrophilic

A

Polar/ head

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7
Q

hydrophobic

A

Non polar/ tail

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8
Q

Process.
Movement of a substance
from a region of higher
concentration to a region of
lower concentration

A

diffusion

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9
Q

Is a difference in the
concentration of solute across
a membrane

A

concentration gradient

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10
Q

As a particle diffuses, it moves in a straight line until it
collides with some other particle.

A

diffusion

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11
Q

Eventually, the particles are uniformly distributed
throughout a particular space.

A

diffusion

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12
Q

= diffuse readily into and
out of cells

A

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water

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13
Q

Important to cellular function:

Movement of many materials throughout the cytoplasm and
into and out of cells

A

diffusion

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14
Q

Other materials = cannot pass through a cell’s plasma
membrane by diffusion because they are___

A

either too large or too
polar

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15
Q

Special kind of diffusion.
Movement of water through a
selectively permeable membrane

A

osmosis

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16
Q

From a solution with a higher
concentration of water to a
solution with a lower
concentration of water

A

osmosis

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17
Q

A mixture in which salts,
sugars, and other materials
are dissolved in water

A

solution

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18
Q

Substances that are
dissolved in water

A

solutes

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19
Q

H20 (water)

A

solvent

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20
Q

Solute concentration higher than that within the cell (water will leave the cell: cell will shrink)

A

Hypertonic Solution

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21
Q

Solute concentration lower than that within the cell (water will enter the cell: cell will swell)

A

Hypotonic Solution

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22
Q

Solute concentration is equal to that in the cell

A

Isotonic Solution

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23
Q

Materials diffuse from a region
of higher concentration to a
region of lower concentration
through special passageways
in the membrane

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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23
Q

Enhances the diffusion of certain materials, such as ions,
through cell membranes

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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24
Always in the direction of the concentration gradient (high to low)
Facilitated Diffusion
25
Is the assisted movement of a substance from a lower concentration to a higher concentration of that substance
active transport
26
Substances move against the concentration gradient
active transport
27
Working against the concentration gradient requires a direct expenditure of energy, usually supplied by ATP, the cell's energy- carrying molecule.
Active Transport
28
occurs with the assistance of carrier proteins in the membrane that move the substance from one side of the membrane to the other.
active transport
29
the cyclic series of events in the life of a dividing eukaryotic cell
cell cycle
30
Threadlike structures in a cell's nucleus that are visible under the microscope only during cell division
chromosomes
31
Where genes are found
chromosomes
32
Each chromosome :
-proteins -single large molecule of DNA
33
Human body cells :
46 chromosomes
34
Cabbage cells :
20 chromosomes
35
Most plant and animal species have between __ chromosomes per body cell
8-50
36
Members of a chromosome pair that are similar in size, shape, and genetic constitution
Homologous chromosome
37
Carry information governing the same genetic traits, although this information is not necessarily identical.
Homologous chromosomes
38
have 2 sets of chromosomes
Diploid (2n)
39
have 1 set of chromosomes
Haploid (n)
40
cell cycle main phases:
-interphase -M phase
41
interphase
G1 S G2
42
M phase
Mitosis / Meiosis Cytokinesis
43
A period of active growth and maintenance that precedes mitosis
interphase
44
“between phases”
interphase
45
Occurs between the phases of successive cell divisions. Cell carries out normal life activities
interphase
46
Most cells spend about __ of their cell cycle in interphase
90%
47
First gap phase (1st growth stage)
G1
48
Time between the end of the previous cell division
G1
49
Beginning of DNA replication
G1
50
Typically the longest phase. Cells that are not actively dividing usually remain in this part of the cell cycle.
G1
51
Toward the end of __: the cell synthesizes certain enzymes used in DNA replication
G1
52
Synthesis phase
S
53
Replication of DNA
S
54
Synthesis of proteins (component of chromosomes)
S
55
Second gap phase (2nd growth stage). Increased protein synthesis occurs as the cell prepares to divide
G2
56
For many cells, the __ phase is short relative to the G1 and S phases.
G2
57
The beginning of __ marks the completion of the G2 phase.
mitosis
58
Division of the nucleus
Mitosis Meiosis
59
Division of the cytoplasm
cytokinesis
60
Completion of interphase is signaled by the beginning of ___
mitosis
61
Visible changes associated with the division of the nucleus take place
mitosis
62
4 stages of mitosis
1.Prophase 2.Metaphase 3.Anaphase 4.Telophase
63
Substance found in the cell nucleus that's composed primarily of DNA and proteins
chromatin
64
Chromatin condenses to form ___
chromosomes
65
Each half of a replicated chromosome
chromatids
66
Two chromatids of the same chromosome
sister chromatids
67
Region of a chromosome that holds the two chromatids together prior to anaphase of mitosis or anaphase II of meiosis
centromere
68
A protein complex to which microtubules can bind
kinetochore
69
Section/region of DNA that protect the ends of chromosomes from becoming frayed or tangled
telomere
70
The structure consisting mainly of microtubules that provide the framework for the chromosome movement during cell division
mitotic spindle
71
1st stage of Mitosis Chromatin condenses into chromosomes (each consisting of 2 chromatids attached at centromeres)
prophase
72
Nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappears
prophase
73
Spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores
prophase
74
Chromosomes move toward midplane
prophase
75
Duplicated chromosomes line up along midplane (equatorial plate)
metaphase
76
Spindle microtubules attach each duplicated chromosome to both poles
metaphase
77
Sister chromatids are pulled apart/separated to opposite poles of the cell by kinetochore fibers
anaphase
78
Evidence show that microtubules are dynamic structures that shorten during anaphase
anaphase
79
This shortening “pulls” the chromosomes toward the poles
anaphase
80
Final stage of mitosis Sister chromatids at opposite poles
telophase
81
Spindle microtubules disappear. Nuclear envelope forms around each set of sister chromatids
telophase
82
Nucleolus reappears Chromosomes reappear as chromatin
telophase
83
Division of the cytoplasm
cytokinesis
84
Partition between the newly formed nuclei in the equatorial region the of the cell
cytokinesis
85
Partition between the newly formed nuclei in the equatorial region the of the cell
cytokinesis
86
Destined to become two new plasma membranes and cell wall that will separate the daughter cells
cytokinesis
87
each daughter cell receives exactly the same number and kinds of chromosomes of parent cell. Somatic cells
mitosis
88
the number of chromosomes is reduced by half
meiosis
89
Each new cell that results from meiosis is a haploid cell (n) chromosomes. Reproductive cells
meiosis
90
Homologous chromosomes synapse
Prophase I
91
Crossing over takes place *exchange of genetic material between chromatids. Nuclear envelopes breaks down
Prophase I
92
Homologous chromosomes line up in pairs along midplane
Metaphase I
93
Homologous chromosomes separate and move to separate poles
Anaphase I
94
Sister chromatid remain attached to centromeres
Anaphase I
95
One of each pair of homologous chromosomes is at each pole
Telophase I
96
Cytokinesis occurs
Telophase I
97
Chromosomes condense again
Prophase II
98
Chromosomes line up along midplane
Metaphase II
99
Sister chromatid separate and chromosomes move to opposite poles
Anaphase II
100
Nuclei form at opposite poles. Cytokinesis occurs
Telophase II

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