L2 Flashcards
1
Q
___ contribution to microscopy
Opened up a new dimension of science
A
Van Leeuwenhoek and Hooke’s
2
Q
The existence of microscopic organisms
was discovered
A
1665-83
3
Q
Light microscopes were used to
observe details of organisms
A
1600-1700
4
Q
Ideas about cells continued to develop
A
1600-1700
5
Q
General theory about the nature and
significance of cells
A
Mid 1800
6
Q
confirmed that all plants are composed of cells
A
Matthias Schleiden
7
Q
confirmed that animals are also
composed of cells
A
Theodor Schwann
8
Q
concluded that new cells could only
arise from existing cells
A
Rudolf Virchow
9
Q
is the basic unit of structure of all
organisms
A
cell
10
Q
All cells arise only from
A
existing cells
11
Q
The balanced internal environment
A
homeostasis
12
Q
Automatic tendency of organisms to maintain a
steady state
A
homeostasis
13
Q
First forms of life on Earth
A
prokaryotes
14
Q
Evolved from prokaryotes
A
eukaryotes
15
Q
greek “eu”
A
true
16
Q
greek “kary”
A
nucleus
17
Q
greek “pro”
A
before
18
Q
cell wall (prokaryotic) is made up of ___ when present
A
peptidoglycan
19
Q
cell wall (eukaryotic) is made up of ___ when present
A
cellulose or chitin
20
Q
Rigid wall surrounding the cell
that provides support
A
cell wall
21
Q
Protect delicate cell contents
A
cell wall
22
Q
main structural
component of cell wall
A
cellulose
23
Q
allow for cell wall
expansion during growth
A
primary wall
24
Q
forms the shape of the
cell and gives support
A
secondary wall
25
serves as a cementing layer between the primary walls of adjacent cells
lamella
26
cell membrane aka
plasma membrane
27
Protects the cell from external environment
cell membrane
28
Physical boundary that confines the contents of a cell to an internal compartment
cell membrane
29
Regulates the flow of materials into and out of
the cell
cell membrane
30
Characterized the cell membrane as consisting of a double layer/bilayer of lipid molecules
(phospholipid bilayer)
fluid mosaic model
31
Control center of the cell
nucleus
32
Contains genetic
information coded in DNA
nucleus
33
Bounded by a nuclear
envelope with nuclear
pores (selective) that
communicates with the
cytoplasm
nucleus
34
Contain the DNA
nucleoplasm
35
Involved in making
and assembling of ribosomes
nucleolus
36
DNA + protein
chromatin
37
During cell
division: chromatin coils and thickens
chromosomes
38
Highly regulated membrane barrier
that separates the nucleus from the
cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells
nuclear envelope
39
Circular opening in nuclear envelope that regulates the
transportation of molecules between the nucleus and the
cytoplasm
nuclear pores
40
One of the major manufacturing
centers of the cell
endoplasmic reticulum
41
(+) Ribosomes attached
rough ER
42
Site for protein synthesis
rough ER
43
(-) Ribosomes
smooth ER
44
Site for lipid synthesis
smooth ER
45
Small organelles
Protein-manufacturing
centers of the cell
ribosomes
46
Responsible for protein
synthesis
ribosomes
47
golgi complex aka
dictyosome
48
Factory for processing and packaging proteins,
polysaccharides and lipids
golgi complex
49
golgi complex consists of flattened
membranous sacs called
cisternae
50
Modifies and packages secreted proteins
golgi complex
51
Detach from the edges of the sac
Sacs that contain cellular
products
vesicles
52
Membrane bounded sac filled
with a liquid that
contains/stores a variety of materials in addition to water
vacuole
53
Dissolves salts, ions and waste products.
Helps the cell maintain its shape
vacuole
54
Network of fibers that extends throughout the cytoplasm and
provides structure to the cell
cytoskeleton
55
Hollow tubes made up of tubulin protein
microtubules
56
Function in control of cellulose, cell division, movement of
organelles
microtubules
57
Solid, rodlike structures consisting of actin protein
microfilaments
58
Function in exchange of materials within the cell
microfilaments
59
Contain the pigments used in photosynthesis
plastids
60
Also manufacture and store the important chemical compounds used by the cells. Give the color of the cell
plastids
61
Green plastids with chlorophyll
chloroplasts
62
“coins” that contain chlorophyll
thylakoid
63
appear as stacks of coins and sites
of conversion of light energy into chemical energy
granum (pl. grana)
64
fluid matrix inside the chloroplast which
contains enzymes involved in photosynthesis; may also contain starch grains and oil droplets
stroma
65
Sometimes develop from chloroplasts
chromoplasts
66
Yellow, orange, or red in color due to ___
pigments
carotenoid
67
Colorless
leucoplasts
68
synthesize starch
amyloplasts
69
synthesize oils
elaioplasts
70
Membranous sacs
containing a variety of
enzymes that catalyze
metabolic reactions
peroxisomes
71
Powerhouse of the cell
mitochondria
72
a series of
chemical reactions in which fuel
molecules are broken down into
carbon dioxide and water with the
release of energy
mitochondria
73
Provides the cell with ATP
mitochondria
74
ATP
adenosine triprosphate
75
folds inside the
mitochondria; increases
surface area
cistae
76
fluid inside the inner
mitochondrial membrane
matrix
77
Gel-like substance/
gelatinous liquid in the
cell membrane
cytoplasm
78
Outside of the nucleus.
Supports and suspends
cellular molecules and
organelles
cytoplasm
79
discovered the presence of nuclei within cells
robert brown
80
his statements suggested the nucleus played a key role in fertilization and development of the embryo in plants
robert brown
81
numerous spherical bodies
microbodies
82
are only found in plants
glyxosomes
83
are responsible in converting stored fats into sugars in plants
glyxosomes
84
type of macromolecule known as a nucleic acid
deoxyribonucleic acid
85
is a nucleic acid polymer consisting of nucleotide monomers that plays several important roles
ribonucleic acid
86
single stranded
RNA
87
double stranded
DNA
88
RNA uses predominantly __
uracil
89
RNA is transcribed from DNA by enzymes called
RNA polymerases
90
comprises the optical
parts present in the upper part of the
microscope
body/head
91
connects and supports the base and head of the microscope;
used to carry the microscope
arm
92
supports the microscope and
comprises the illuminator
base
93
in the upper portion of the microscope,
where an observer looks through
eyepiece aka ocular lens
94
holds the
eyepieces in place above the objective lens
eyepiece tube/draw tube
95
holds the bulk of the
instrument-bearing objective lens.
body tube
96
range in various
magnifications
objective lenses
97
10x
low power objective
98
40x-
60x
high power objective
99
100x
oil immersion objective
100
houses the
objective lenses
revolving nosepiece
101
used to focus the
microscope
adjustment knobs
102
the platform with a hole in its center where the specimen is placed
stage
103
hold the slide in place
stage clips
104
is a tiny hole in the stage
via which the transmitted light enters
the stage
aperture
105
acts as the light source
and is typically located at the microscope’s base
illuminator
106
is typically used to gather and focus
the illuminator’s light onto the
specimen
Condenser and condenser focus knob
107
regulates the amount of
light that reaches the specimen
diaphragm
