L6: NON FERMENTIVE GRAM NEG BACILLI Flashcards
what are the non fermentive gram negative bacilli
Pseudomonas
Acinetobacter
Flavobacterium
Burkholderia
Alcaligenes
Eikenella
Kingella
Stenotrophomonas
Actinobacillus
Achromobacter
Capnocytophaga
Cardiobacterium
Gram-negative rods, Motile, Aerobic non-fermenting, Produces blue green pigments
Pseudomonas
pyocyanin
blue
pyoverdin
green
pyorubin
red
Pseudomonas is Oxidase ___
oxidase positive
Pseudomonas is found widely in soil, water, plants, animals 🡪 ______
UBIQUITOUS
Pseudomonas TSI:
K/K -
Form mucoid colonies as a result of overproduction of
alginate, an exopolysaccharide which appears to provide the
matrix for the organisms to live in a biofilm
Pseudomonas
Pseudomonas forms mucoid colonies as a result of overproduction of _____
alginate
(Pseudomonas) Alginate is an exopolysaccharide which appears to provide the
matrix for the organisms to live in a ____ for protection
biofilm
Growth of pseudomonads on spoiling foods can generate a “____” odor
“fruity”
Pseudomonas WEAPONS
Pili
Exopolysaccharide
Lipopolysaccharide
Extracellular enzymes
Exotoxin A ADP EF-2
extend from the cell surface
promote attachment to host epithelial cells
Pili (fimbriae)
mucoid colonies
Difficult to remove via phagocytosis
cystic fibrosis
Exopolysaccharide
immunotypes
endotoxic properties of the organism
Lipopolysaccharide
(Pseudomonas) what are the Extracellular enzymes
Elastases
Proteases
2 Hemolysins
In Extracellular enzymes, what are the two hemolysins
- a heat-labile phospholipase C
- heat-stable glycolipid
tissue necrosis and inflammation
Gram negative shock in septicemia
lethal for animals when injected in purified form
toxin blocks protein synthesis by a mechanism of action identical to that of diphtheria toxin
Exotoxin A ADP EF-2
Pseudomonas weapon that is resistant to many antimicrobial agents
Lipopolysaccharide
Weapon of Pseudomonas that causes Fever, Shock, Oliguria, Leukocytosis, Leukopenia, disseminated intravascular
coagulation, adult respiratory distress syndrome
Lipopolysaccharide
Best studied SIGNIFICANT HUMAN PATHOGEN
Increasingly recognized as an emerging opportunistic pathogen of clinical relevance
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Low susceptibility to most Antibiotics
- antibiotic resistance genes
- low permeability of the bacterial cellular envelopes
- Chromosomal MUTATION
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clinical Findings
GI colonization
Meningitis
Urinary tract infection
Necrotizing pneumonia
Mild otitis externa
Invasive (malignant) otitis externa
Hemorrhagic necrosis of skin
Mild otitis externa aka
swimmers ear
invasive (malignant) otitis externa 🡪 ____ patients
diabetic patients
infants or debilitated persons, P. aeruginosa may invade the bloodstream and
result in
fatal sepsis
P. aeruginosa. CF. SKIN –
Whirpool associated dermatitis
- occurs often in sepsis due to P. aeruginosa
- ecthyma gangrenosum
- surrounded by erythema and
often do not contain pus
Hemorrhagic necrosis of skin
Diagnostic Laboratory Tests. P. aeruginosa. Sites
skin lesions, pus, urine, blood, spinal fluid, sputum, and other
material should be obtained as indicated by the type of infection
P. aeruginosa. Culture. Selective media
Cetrimide Agar
P. aeruginosa should not be treated with
single-drug therapy
penicillin active against P aeruginosa— ____ or
______ —is used in combination with an aminoglycoside,
usually ______
ticarcillin or piperacillin
tobramycin
is used in primary therapy of P. aeruginosa infections
ceftazidime
nosocomial pathogen, thrives in moist environments, special attention should be paid to sinks, water baths, showers, hot tubs, and other wet areas
what bacteria?
P. aeruginosa
- ubiquitous Gram-negative
- obligately aerobic
- rod-shaped bacteria that are motile by means of single or
multiple polar flagella - found in marine environments
Burkholderia
non motile Burkholderia
Burkholderia mallei
small, nonmotile, nonpigmented, aerobic gram-negative rod. Causes GLANDERS disease
Burkholderia mallei
GLANDERS disease is a disease of
horses, mules, and donkeys
in its human infection, inhalation of the organisms may lead to primary pneumonia. Fatal and begins as an ulcer of the skin or mucous membranes.
- Lymphangitis and sepsis
Burkholderia mallei
its diagnosis consists of rising - - agglutinin titers
- culture of the organism from local lesions of humans or horses
- tetracycline plus an aminoglycoside
Burkholderia mallei
formation of nodular lesions in
the lungs and ulceration of
the mucous membranes in
the upper respiratory
tract
Glanders Disease
- small, motile, aerobic gram-negative bacillus
- mucoid and smooth to rough and wrinkled
- cream to orange
Burkholderia pseudomallei
Burkholderia pseudomallei
- __ °C and oxidizes glucose and lactose
42 °C
also called Whitmore’s disease
MELIODOSIS
- B. pseudomallei transmitted through the upper airway or
nasopharynx - subsequent to a localized suppurative infection and bacteremia
- fever and leukocytosis, with consolidation of the upper lobes
melioidosis
most common form of melioidosis is
pulmonary infection🡪
primary pneumonitis
MELIODOSIS found in contaminated ___
soil and water
Treatment Melioidosis
- Surgical drainage of localized infection
- tetracycline, sulfonamides, piperacillin, imipenem
- severe infections should be treated parenterally
- free-living gram-negative rod
- lavender-green or gray color
- oxidase-negative and lysine decarboxylase-positive
- indwelling plastic intravenous catheters
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
- aerobic gram-negative bacteria
- soil and water, nosocomial
- resistant to antimicrobial agents (gentamicin, amikacin, or tobramycin and to
newer penicillins or cephalosporins)
Aggregatibacter
Aggregatibacter species most commonly isolated
Acinetobacter baumannii
Uncommon Gram-Negative Bacteria, grows slowly
- causes severe periodontal disease in adolescents, endocarditis, abscesses,
osteomyelitis, and other infections
Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus)
actinomycetemcomitans
Achromobacter and Alcaligenes. What differentiates them from pseudomonas
peritrichous flagella and are motile,
- alkalinize citrate medium and oxidation-fermentation medium
- containing glucose
- urease-negative
- normal human bacterial flora
- isolated from respirators, nebulizers, and renal dialysis systems
Achromobacter and Alcaligenes
- slow-growing capnophilic, gram-negative, fusiform or filamentous bacilli
- fermentative
- facultative anaerobes
- require CO2 for aerobic growth
Capnocytophaga
Capnocytophaga motility
gliding motility
- severe periodontal disease in juveniles
- bacteremia and severe systemic disease in immunocompromised patients,
especially granulocytopenic patients with oral ulcerations
Capnocytophaga
facultatively anaerobic
pleomorphic gram-negative rod
normal flora of the upper respiratory tract and bowel
causes endocarditis
Cardiobacterium hominis
- small, fastidious, capnophilic gram-negative rod
- gingival and bowel flora of humans
- mixed flora infections associated with contamination by oral mucosal
organisms
Eikenella corrodens
human bites/clench fist injury
Eikenella corrodens
Eikenella corrodens resistant to
clindamycin
Eikenella corrodens susceptible to
ampicillin and the newer penicillins and cephalosporins
small, fastidious, capnophilic gram-negative rod, pits in agar
Eikenella corrodens
hemolytic when grown on blood agar, gram-negative rod, but coccobacillary and diplococcal, normal oral flora
causes infections of bone, joints, and tendons, endocarditis
Kingella kingae
enters the circulation with minor oral trauma such as tooth brushing
susceptible to penicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, and other antimicrobial
drugs
Kingella kingae
Gram-negative
non-motile
rod-shaped bacteria
Several species are known to cause disease in freshwater fish
Flavobacterium
Endocarditis in children (HACEK)
- Haemophilus (Haemophilus parainfluenzae)
- Aggregatibacter (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
Aggregatibacter aphrophilus) - Cardiobacterium hominis
- Eikenella corrodens
- Kingella (Kingella kingae)
