L6 - motor systems 1 Flashcards

1
Q

2 neurons in the descending tracts

A

upper motor neuron (UMN) and lower motor neuron(LMN)

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2
Q

effects due to damage done to UMN

A

muscel weakness

- decrease muscle tone

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3
Q

function of cerebellum

A
  • involved in brainstem mechanisms
    -control of muscle tone
    -sensorimotor coordination
    motor learning
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4
Q

function of basal ganglia q

A

integ of sensory and motor info

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5
Q

3 components of cerebellum

A

spino cereb-
vestibulo cereb
cerebro cerrebellum

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6
Q

function of spino cereb

A

function is receiving sensory input and output to the reticular tract via reticulospinal
and red nucleus via rubrospinal
-

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7
Q

function fo vestibulo cerreb

A

input from and output to vesticular nucelaus via vestibulospinal tract
- control over posture and balance and eye movement

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8
Q

function of cerebo cerebellum

A

instructs primary motor cortex about movement, direction

- compares intended movements with actual movements

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9
Q

inputs to the purkjine cells in the outer layer of cerebullum

A
  • climbing fibres from inferior olive

- mossy fibres from the brainstem nuclei

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10
Q

what part of the cerbellum can compare input from the mossy, climbing fibres and purkinje jibres

A

deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN)

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11
Q

what is basal ganglia

A

group of subcortical nuclei responsible primarily for motor control from the cortex

  • relays back to cortex via thalamus
  • initiation of vol movement
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12
Q

what is motor loop

A

a loop linking basal
ganglia, thalamus and cortex
- the loop is activated (disinhibition) to coordinate movement

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13
Q

structures in the basal ganglia

A

striatum (STR)
globus pallidus (GP)
substantia nigra
subthalamic nucleus (STN)

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14
Q

two pathways in the basal ganglia

A

direct and indirect

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15
Q

what is the direcft pathway in the basal ganglia

A

cortex > straitum > SNr and GPi > thalamus > cortex

  • the striatum is activated by dopamine on the D1 receptors
  • this promotes movement
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16
Q

what is the indirect pathway in the basal ganglia

A
  • cortex > straitum > GPe> STN> SNr and GP i > thalamus > cortex

the straitum is activated by the dopamine on inhibitory D2 receptors
- faciliates movement

17
Q

what happens when there is an imbalance between the direct and indirect pathways

A
  • motor dysfunction

like hypo and hyperkinetic diseases

18
Q

eg of hypokinetic diease

A

parkinson disease PD

19
Q

symptoms of PD

A

tremor, bradykineasa( slowness of movement ), rigidity

20
Q

cause of the PD in the basal ganglua

A

DOPamine loss int he basal ganglia -

21
Q

treatments for PD

A

drugs like
L-DOPA - precursor for dopamine
- dompamine agonists,
-drugs that reduce dopamine breakdown

22
Q

eg of hyperkinetic disease

A

huntingdon’s disease (HD)

23
Q

symptoms of HD

A

excessive movment

uncontrollable rapid motor patterns

24
Q

effect of HD in the basal ganglia

A

loss of straital output neurons in the indrect pathway

- leads to involuntary movement

25
results of damage done to spino cerebellum
hypotonia - reduced muscle tone | dysmetria - inaccurate termination of movement
26
result of damage to vestibulocerebellum
slow saccades - ocular movement impaired Ataxia - unsteady gait
27
result of damage of cerebro cerebellum
ataxia dystemetria uncoordinated agonist and antagonist muscles inarticulate speech
28
what does DCN do iif there is a difference between the intended and actual movements
send a compensatory response to the brainstem and thalamus
29
relationship between BG and thalamus when in a normal state
the BG inhibits thalamus so no movement is initaited
30
cons of using L-DOPA as a drug for PD
effectiveness reduce over time | - need to increase dose freq over time
31
alternatives of using LDOPA
DOPAMINE receptor agonist
32
what happends during surgey for PD
STN in the BG inactivated
33
treatment for HD
tetrabenazine - reduces DA storage and release Chlorpromazine - DA antagonist
34
other hyperkinetic idsorders
HEMIBallismus | tardive dyskinesia