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Biochemistry > L6 Cell Cycle-Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

L6 Cell Cycle-Nucleic Acids Flashcards

1
Q

What is cell cycle?

A

Sequence of phases in the life cycle of the cell.

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2
Q

______ is the division of cell into 2 new cells.

A

Cytokinesis

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3
Q

Mitosis is the _____ of the _______ of the cell into 2 new ________.

A

division
nucleus
nuclei

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4
Q

What are the parts of chromosome?

A

-sister chromatids
-centromere
-p arm ( short )
-q arm ( long )
-telomere
-chromatin

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5
Q

Sister chromatids are ____ structures that result from chromosome _____ formed during ___ phase of the cell cycle.

A

identical
replication
S

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6
Q

DNA is wrapped tightly around _____ and coiled tightly to from ______.

A

histones
chromosomes

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7
Q

What are the phases in cell cycle?

A

G0 phase
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
M phase

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8
Q

During G0 phase, the cell has ___ the cycle and has ________ dividing.

A

left
stopped

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9
Q

During G1 phase, cells ______ in size and carries out normal ______, organelles _____.

A

increase
metabolism
duplicate

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10
Q

What is the function of G1 checkpoint? and to check for?

A

A control mechanism that ensures that everything is ready for DNA synthesis

Check for:
nutrients
growth
DNA damage

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11
Q

S phase is when _________ occurs.

A

DNA replication

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12
Q

G2 phase is where cells continue to ______. The G2 checkpoint functions in? check for?

A

grow
control mechanism to ensure that everything is ready to enter M phase and divide

Check for:
cell size
DNA replication

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13
Q

M phase is when ______ stops and cellular energy is focused on the orderly _____ into _____ cells.

A

cell division
division
2 daughter

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14
Q

Metaphase checkpoint functions in? check for?

A

ensures that the cell is ready to complete cell division

Check for:
chromosome spindle attachment

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15
Q

A nucleotide has 3 structure which are?

A

Nitrogenous base

DNA backbone:
Phosphate group
Pentose sugar

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16
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases?

A

Purines
-adenine
-guanine

Pyrimidines
-thymine
-cytosine
-uracil

17
Q

What is the Chargaff’s rule?

A

DNA from any cell of any organism should have a 1:1 ratio of pyrimidine and purine bases. The amount of guanine should be equal to cytosine. The amount of adenine should be equal to thymine.

18
Q

Nucleotides are bonded between ______
( 5’ carbon) and ______ ( 3’carbon ) forming the backbone of the DNA.

A

phosphate
sugar moieties

19
Q

DNA strands are _____ and the complementary strand runs in the ___ direction.

A

antiparallel
opposite

20
Q

Nitrogenous bases are connected by ___ bonds. Phosphate group and pentose sugar are connected by _____.

A

Hydrogen
Covalent phosphodiester bonds

21
Q

A code of the chromosome is the _____ order that bases occur.

A

specific

22
Q

Characteristics of RNA?

A

-made of ribonucleotide, ribose as pentose sugar
-nitrogenous bases are A,G,U,C
-single stranded
-found in cell’s nucleus,cytoplasm and ribosome
-synthesized from DNA when needed

23
Q

Function of RNA?

A

Retrieve the protein code from DNA and carry out processes needed to produce proteins.

24
Q

Characteristics of DNA?

A

-made of deoxyribonucleotide, deoxyribose as pentose sugar
-nitrogenous bases are A,G,T,U
-double stranded
-found in cell’s nucleus and mitochondria
-self replicating

25
Q

Function of DNA?

A

Contains the code for proteins an organism may produce.

26
Q

What are the types and its functions of RNA?

A

Messenger RNA
-carries the instructions from a gene to make a protein
Transfer RNA
-brings amino acids
to the ribosomes to make a protein
Ribosomal RNA
-part of the structure of ribosomes

27
Q

All RNAs are produced in the ______.

A

nucleus

28
Q

The explanation of the flow of genetic information within a biological system is called __________.

A

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

29
Q

Hereditary is the _____ ___ of traits from _____ to their offspring, either through ____ or ____ reproduction

A

passing on
parents
asexual
sexual

30
Q

Dominance is the phenomenon of one _____of a gene on a chromosome over-riding the effect of a _____ allele of the ____ gene on the other copy of the chromosome.

A

allele
different
same

31
Q

How do different types of cells know which types of proteins they must manufacture?

A

Gene expression

32
Q

Gene expressions contains 2 major steps which are?

A

Transcription
Translation

33
Q

During DNA replication, each of the two parental strands serve as a ____ for the synthesis of a ______ strand.

A

templates
complementary

34
Q

Each molecule generated by the replication process contains one intact _____ strand and one newly ______.

A

parental
synthesized strand

35
Q

What are the types of mutations?

A

Base substitutions
Deletions
Insertions

36
Q

Base substitutions:

Single base substitutions are called _____.
What is transition?
What is transversion?

A

point mutation

Transition occurs when a purine is substituted with another purine / pyrimidine is substituted with another pyrimidine

Transversion occurs when a purine is substituted with pyrimidine / pyrimidine is substituted with a purine

37
Q

Base substitution may lead to (3):

A

Silent mutation
- if a codon is changed to one that encodes the same AA and causes no change in the protein produced

Nonsense mutation
-if the substitution results in the change of an AA coding codon to a single ‘stop’ codon, leading to a non-functional protein.

Missense mutation
-if a codon is changed to one that encodes a different AA.

38
Q

Deletion resulting in ______, where one or more _____ are ___ from the DNA.

A

frameshift
base pairs
lost

39
Q

Insertions is the ____ of _____ base pairs.

A

insertion
additional

Biochemistry (7 decks)

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