L5 Carbohydrates

Question 1

A carbohydrate is a ____ consisting of ___,_____ and ____ atoms, usually with a ratio of _____.

Answer 1

biomolecule
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
2:1

Question 2

Functions of carbohydrate?

Answer 2

-energy source for cells ( glucose )
-energy storage ( plants-starch ) (animals-glycogen)
-structural support ( cellulose )
-building blocks for biological molecules
(ribose & deoxyribose )

Question 3

____ are the simplest carbohydrates. Contains free ____ and ____ groups that have 2 or more hydroxyl groups.

Answer 3

Monosaccharides
aldehyde
ketone

Question 4

The 3 monosaccharides are ?

Answer 4

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

Question 5

Glucose has 2 isomers which are _____ and ______. _____ is biologically active while _____ cannot be used by cells.

Answer 5

D-glucose
L-glucose
D-glucose
L-glucose

Question 6

D-glucose exists in 2 forms: ______ and ____.

Answer 6

alpha-D-glucose
beta-D-glucose

Question 7

____ is a polymer of alpha glucose molecules

Answer 7

Starch

Question 8

_____ is a polymer of beta glucose molecules

Answer 8

Cellulose

Question 9

What are the 3 disaccharides?

Answer 9

Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose

Question 10

Oligosaccharides functions for ______ and _____.

Answer 10

cell-cell recognition
cell binding

Question 11

4 types of polysaccharides are?

Answer 11

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Chitin

Question 12

Polysaccharides can be divided into 2 groups which are?

Answer 12

Homeoglycans- only 1 monomer
eg: starch, cellulose,glycogen,insulin

Heteroglycans - more than 1 monomer
eg: Gums, mucopolysaccharides

Question 13

______ bond is a type of covalent bond that joins a _____ group with another group which may or may not be another carbohydrate.

Answer 13

Glycosidic
carbohydrate

Question 14

Sucrose has _______ linkage. _____ has beta (1,4) linkage. Maltose has ______ linkage.

Answer 14

alpha beta (1,2)
Lactose
alpha (1,4)

Question 15

Amylose consists of _____,____ chains of alpha _____ monomers linked together by alpha _____ glycosidic bonds.

Answer 15

linear
helical
D-glucose
(1,4)

Question 16

Amylopectin are ____ polymers of glucose which are linked through alpha ____ bonds and connected to one another through alpha ______ branch points.

Answer 16

branched
(1,4)
(1,6)

Question 17

Properties of carbohydrates are ___ carbon and _____.

Answer 17

chiral
epimer

Question 18

Reducing sugars have the presence of ___ group which makes them undergo ____ to form _____ and the reactive reagants are reduced easily.

Answer 18

aldehyde
oxidation
carboxylic acid

Question 19

________ are the carbohydrates with free aldehydes and ketone group

Answer 19

Reducing sugar

Question 20

________ and _______ are reducing sugars and give positive ____ test.

Answer 20

Lactose
Maltose
Benedict

Question 21

Starch is ___ in colour, _____ and _____. It is ____ in cold water or alcohol.

Answer 21

white
tasteless
odorless
insoluble

Question 22

The complete hydrolysis of starch yields is:

starch-> ______->_______-> glucose

Answer 22

dextrins
maltose

Question 23

Salivary amylase is __- amylase and requires ___ ion for activation. It hydrolyses _____ glycosidic linkages. It is important in _____ digestion in infants.

Answer 23

alpha
chloride
alpha-1,4
chemical

Question 24

Digestion of carbohydrate in the stomach results in the formation of ____-digested acidic food called _____.

Answer 24

semi
chyme

Question 25

Chyme is secreted into _____ and then to _____ by the ____ amylase.

Answer 25

dudodenum
small intestine
pancreatic

Question 26

The absorption of carbohydrate has 2 mechanisms which are?

Answer 26

-Facilitated diffusion ( w conc gradient )
-Active transport ( against conc gradient )

Question 27

Glucose and galactose are absorbed by a ______ process and carried by transport protein ______ and compete for ____ absoprtion.

Answer 27

Na+ dependent
SGLT 1
intestinal

Question 28

Other monosaccharides are absorbed by _____ .

Answer 28

carrier-mediated diffusion

Question 29

Fructose is absorbed through ______ while glucose and galactose are absorbed through ____.

Answer 29

facilitated diffusion
active transport

Question 30

Lactose intolerance is the lack of _____ in the ____ for digestion, thus leading the lactose to travel to the colon where bacteria will ferment it, producing ____ gas. Symptoms are ____,___ and ____.

Answer 30

lactase
small intestine
hydrogen
nausea
cramps
dizziness