L5: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CULTURAL, SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC SYMBOLS AND PRACTICES Flashcards
It is the process of developing physical and biological change in a species over a period of time.
Evolution
BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT:
- bipedals
- small brain-size opposable thumbs
CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT:
- hunting and foraging for living nomadic
Australopithecines
BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT:
- smaller teeth
- diet includes a variety of plants and meat
CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT:
- use stone tools
- lived in caves
Homo habilis
BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT:
- enhanced bipedal activities
- has strong muscles at the back of neck
- shallow forehead
- found in Africa, China, Indonesia
CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT:
- use axes as a tool
- first to use FIRE
Homo erectus
BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT:
- very large brains
- high vertical forehead, small teeth and jaw, and defined chin
- lighter skeletal built
CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT:
- constructed and used tools for survival
- developed a symbolic communication system
- uses fire for protection from wild animals
Homo sapiens
It is a theory of social change wherein it explains the change in beliefs, knowledge, customs, skills, attitudes, and language of humans’ overtime.
Cultural Evolution
It discusses about how cultures and societies change over a period of time. From barbaric to civilized people and from being hunters and foragers to the development of food-producing practices of the early humans.
Socio-political Evolution
It is learned behavior passed on from one generation to another.
Cultural Evolution
WHAT PERIOD IS THIS?
- included the Oldowan hominins who used flakes and stones
- Earliest stone tools were developed by the Homo habilis
- The development of Acheulian tools (such as hand ax) took place during the time of the Homo erectus
TIME PERIOD: 3 million years ago
Lower Paleolithic
WHAT PERIOD IS THIS?
- smaller and finer tools were used
- Blades were incorporated in wood or bone
- There was evidence of trading between groups to gather materials for tools
TIME PERIOD: 12,000 years ago
Mesolithic
WHAT PERIOD IS THIS?
- Characterized by the domestication of crops
- Cemented trading practices and opened new doors for the development of new tools
- This period ended hunting-gathering practices
TIME PERIOD: 10,000 years ago
Neolithic
The advent of the __________ ____________ paved the way for the emergence of new tools, not just for hunting or gathering, but for agriculture.
Neolithic Revolution
This represents a profound turning point in human history, ushering in a new era of settled life and food production. This period saw advancements in tool technology, from crude to polished stone implements, and a decisive shift from hunter-gatherer lifestyles to agriculture
Neolithic Revolution
This is a social process
Hunting and gathering
The era when humans started to domesticate animals and crops
Neolithic Revolution
IMPLICATIONS OF THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION TO THE EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS
Creation of civilization through permanent settlements dictated by reliably food supply.
Social Implications
IMPLICATIONS OF THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION TO THE EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS
Development of domestication techniques and practices allowed for a more complex society and the possibility for urbanization.
Social Implications
IMPLICATIONS OF THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION TO THE EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS
A form of social stratification was developed.
Social Implications
IMPLICATIONS OF THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION TO THE EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS
- Due to the domestication of crops and animals, an abundant supply of food and resources was maintained.
Economic Implications
IMPLICATIONS OF THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION TO THE EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS
- Introduction of a selective breeding process of crops and animals that would allow for the development of new species was developed.
Economic Implications
IMPLICATIONS OF THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION TO THE EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS
There was an increase in the human population and life span across civilizations.
Human Implications
IMPLICATIONS OF THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION TO THE EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS
People learned to play different social roles apart from being farmers (e.g., craftsman, priests, leader).
Human Implications
It is often called the “cradle of civilization” because of its fertile lands and its pioneering advancements in agriculture, urban development, writing systems, trade networks, and scientific thought.
Mesopotamia
Two key innovations that fundamentally shaped the socio-political development of the early civilization
Formation of states and Invention of writing
This era witnessed significant technological advancements, including the invention of the wheel and the transition from stone to copper tools
Copper Age (5,900-3,200 BCE)
In this era, some civilizations shifted from priestly rule to kingship to better manage trade and negotiate with other regions.
Copper Age (5,900-3,200 BCE)
The law that stated that whatever crime a person committed should be punished with the like. An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.
Code of Hammurabi
IMPLICATIONS OF THE RISE OF CIVILIZATIONS AND STATES
Conflict and wars emerged among states as tensions grew among them. Soon, professional armies and weaponry began to make their appearance.
Warfare
IMPLICATIONS OF THE RISE OF CIVILIZATIONS AND STATES
A vast development in metalwork occurred along with the rise of civilizations and states. During this time, people began to discover various raw materials, such as iron, copper, and bronze for making tools and weapons.
Metalwork
IMPLICATIONS OF THE RISE OF CIVILIZATIONS AND STATES
Because of economic factors such as trading, the leadership among city-states began to be more organized and developed. With the kingship system replacing the priestly leaders, each state had an executive branch that centralized decisions and communications with other states.
Political System
This refers to the gradual shift towards systems of governance where power resides with the people.
Democratization
This is a form of government in which a small group of wealthy and powerful individuals holds control. This group might be composed of aristocrats, merchants, or religious leaders.
Oligarchy
This comes from the Greek words oligoi “few” and arkhein “to rule”
Oligarchy
oligoi
few
arkhein
to rule
A government wherein someone seized power illegally, often through popular support.
Tyranny
It comes from the Greek word tyrannos
Tyranny
It comes from the Greek words demos “people” and kratos “power” or “rule
Democracy
A system of direct participation by citizens in government.
Democracy
demos
people
kratos
power / rule
These are the concrete items cultures leave behind by the ancient people, such as the stone tools, the Manunggul jar etc.
Artifacts
Importance of Artifact Preservation. (3)
- Artifacts are irreplaceable
- Artifacts are keys to understanding the past.
- Artifacts give people a sense of identity
IMPORTANCE OF ARTIFACT PRESERVATION
Artifacts, being made hundreds, even thousands of years ago, are very delicate objects that cannot be replaced by any available material at the present time. Artifacts carry with them important cultural and historical meanings that no person in the present could bring back.
Artifacts are irreplaceable
IMPORTANCE OF ARTIFACT PRESERVATION
Practices that occurred in the past would not have been known if not for the discovery of artifacts. For instance, the discovery of the bul-ol paved the way for a clearer understanding of the pre-historic Philippine burial process.
Artifacts are keys to understanding the past.
IMPORTANCE OF ARTIFACT PRESERVATION
Artifacts describe culture and society. They provide people with an opportunity to further understand their identities and heritage, as well as some collective qualities that their culture may have.
Artifacts give people a sense of identity.
