L5: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CULTURAL, SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC SYMBOLS AND PRACTICES

Question 1

It is the process of developing physical and biological change in a species over a period of time.

Answer 1

Evolution

Question 2

BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT:
- bipedals
- small brain-size opposable thumbs

CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT:
- hunting and foraging for living nomadic

Answer 2

Australopithecines

Question 3

BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT:
- smaller teeth
- diet includes a variety of plants and meat

CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT:
- use stone tools
- lived in caves

Answer 3

Homo habilis

Question 4

BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT:
- enhanced bipedal activities
- has strong muscles at the back of neck
- shallow forehead
- found in Africa, China, Indonesia

CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT:
- use axes as a tool
- first to use FIRE

Answer 4

Homo erectus

Question 5

BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT:
- very large brains
- high vertical forehead, small teeth and jaw, and defined chin
- lighter skeletal built

CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT:
- constructed and used tools for survival
- developed a symbolic communication system
- uses fire for protection from wild animals

Answer 5

Homo sapiens

Question 6

It is a theory of social change wherein it explains the change in beliefs, knowledge, customs, skills, attitudes, and language of humans’ overtime.

Answer 6

Cultural Evolution

Question 7

It discusses about how cultures and societies change over a period of time. From barbaric to civilized people and from being hunters and foragers to the development of food-producing practices of the early humans.

Answer 7

Socio-political Evolution

Question 8

It is learned behavior passed on from one generation to another.

Answer 8

Cultural Evolution

Question 9

WHAT PERIOD IS THIS?

• included the Oldowan hominins who used flakes and stones
• Earliest stone tools were developed by the Homo habilis
• The development of Acheulian tools (such as hand ax) took place during the time of the Homo erectus

TIME PERIOD: 3 million years ago

Answer 9

Lower Paleolithic

Question 10

WHAT PERIOD IS THIS?

• smaller and finer tools were used
• Blades were incorporated in wood or bone
• There was evidence of trading between groups to gather materials for tools

TIME PERIOD: 12,000 years ago

Answer 10

Mesolithic

Question 11

WHAT PERIOD IS THIS?

• Characterized by the domestication of crops
• Cemented trading practices and opened new doors for the development of new tools
• This period ended hunting-gathering practices

TIME PERIOD: 10,000 years ago

Answer 11

Neolithic

Question 12

The advent of the __________ ____________ paved the way for the emergence of new tools, not just for hunting or gathering, but for agriculture.

Answer 12

Neolithic Revolution

Question 13

This represents a profound turning point in human history, ushering in a new era of settled life and food production. This period saw advancements in tool technology, from crude to polished stone implements, and a decisive shift from hunter-gatherer lifestyles to agriculture

Answer 13

Neolithic Revolution

Question 14

This is a social process

Answer 14

Hunting and gathering

Question 15

The era when humans started to domesticate animals and crops

Answer 15

Neolithic Revolution

Question 16

IMPLICATIONS OF THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION TO THE EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS

Creation of civilization through permanent settlements dictated by reliably food supply.

Answer 16

Social Implications

Question 17

IMPLICATIONS OF THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION TO THE EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS

Development of domestication techniques and practices allowed for a more complex society and the possibility for urbanization.

Answer 17

Social Implications

Question 18

IMPLICATIONS OF THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION TO THE EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS

A form of social stratification was developed.

Answer 18

Social Implications

Question 19

IMPLICATIONS OF THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION TO THE EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS

• Due to the domestication of crops and animals, an abundant supply of food and resources was maintained.

Answer 19

Economic Implications

Question 20

IMPLICATIONS OF THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION TO THE EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS

• Introduction of a selective breeding process of crops and animals that would allow for the development of new species was developed.

Answer 20

Economic Implications

Question 21

IMPLICATIONS OF THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION TO THE EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS

There was an increase in the human population and life span across civilizations.

Answer 21

Human Implications

Question 22

IMPLICATIONS OF THE NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION TO THE EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS

People learned to play different social roles apart from being farmers (e.g., craftsman, priests, leader).

Answer 22

Human Implications

Question 23

It is often called the “cradle of civilization” because of its fertile lands and its pioneering advancements in agriculture, urban development, writing systems, trade networks, and scientific thought.

Answer 23

Mesopotamia

Question 24

Two key innovations that fundamentally shaped the socio-political development of the early civilization

Answer 24

Formation of states and Invention of writing

Question 25

This era witnessed significant technological advancements, including the invention of the wheel and the transition from stone to copper tools

Answer 25

Copper Age (5,900-3,200 BCE)

Question 26

In this era, some civilizations shifted from priestly rule to kingship to better manage trade and negotiate with other regions.

Answer 26

Copper Age (5,900-3,200 BCE)

Question 27

The law that stated that whatever crime a person committed should be punished with the like. An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.

Answer 27

Code of Hammurabi

Question 28

**IMPLICATIONS OF THE RISE OF CIVILIZATIONS AND STATES** Conflict and wars emerged among states as tensions grew among them. Soon, professional armies and weaponry began to make their appearance.

Answer 28

Warfare

Question 29

**IMPLICATIONS OF THE RISE OF CIVILIZATIONS AND STATES** A vast development in metalwork occurred along with the rise of civilizations and states. During this time, people began to discover various raw materials, such as iron, copper, and bronze for making tools and weapons.

Answer 29

Metalwork

Question 30

**IMPLICATIONS OF THE RISE OF CIVILIZATIONS AND STATES** Because of economic factors such as trading, the leadership among city-states began to be more organized and developed. With the kingship system replacing the priestly leaders, each state had an executive branch that centralized decisions and communications with other states.

Answer 30

Political System

Question 31

This refers to the gradual shift towards systems of governance where power resides with the people.

Answer 31

Democratization

Question 32

This is a form of government in which a small group of wealthy and powerful individuals holds control. This group might be composed of aristocrats, merchants, or religious leaders.

Answer 32

Oligarchy

Question 33

This comes from the Greek words oligoi "few" and arkhein "to rule"

Answer 33

Oligarchy

Question 34

oligoi

Answer 34

few

Question 35

arkhein

Answer 35

to rule

Question 36

A government wherein someone seized power illegally, often through popular support.

Answer 36

Tyranny

Question 37

It comes from the Greek word tyrannos

Answer 37

Tyranny

Question 38

It comes from the Greek words demos "people" and kratos "power" or "rule

Answer 38

Democracy

Question 39

A system of direct participation by citizens in government.

Answer 39

Democracy

Question 40

*demos*

Answer 40

people

Question 41

*kratos*

Answer 41

power / rule

Question 42

These are the concrete items cultures leave behind by the ancient people, such as the stone tools, the Manunggul jar etc.

Answer 42

Artifacts

Question 43

Importance of Artifact Preservation. (3)

Answer 43

- Artifacts are irreplaceable - Artifacts are keys to understanding the past. - Artifacts give people a sense of identity

Question 44

**IMPORTANCE OF ARTIFACT PRESERVATION** Artifacts, being made hundreds, even thousands of years ago, are very delicate objects that cannot be replaced by any available material at the present time. Artifacts carry with them important cultural and historical meanings that no person in the present could bring back.

Answer 44

Artifacts are irreplaceable

Question 45

**IMPORTANCE OF ARTIFACT PRESERVATION** Practices that occurred in the past would not have been known if not for the discovery of artifacts. For instance, the discovery of the bul-ol paved the way for a clearer understanding of the pre-historic Philippine burial process.

Answer 45

Artifacts are keys to understanding the past.

Question 46

**IMPORTANCE OF ARTIFACT PRESERVATION** Artifacts describe culture and society. They provide people with an opportunity to further understand their identities and heritage, as well as some collective qualities that their culture may have.

Answer 46

Artifacts give people a sense of identity.