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PSYC100 > L5 - evolution & genetics > Flashcards

L5 - evolution & genetics Flashcards

1
Q

nature

A

genes determine behaviour

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2
Q

nurture

A

environment determine behaviour

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3
Q

interactionism

A

certain basic abilities innate but influenced by experience, which changes which innate behaviours are expressed, which in turn influences experience
interplay between genes & environmental factors
Piaget’s theory of human development: knowledge-compatable expriences assimilate, disequilibrium -> accommodation by changing concepts of world

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4
Q

nativism

A

knowledge of the world is innate/a priori (Descartes)

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5
Q

empiricism

A

mind at birth is tabula rasa, no knowledge/behaviour is inherited, all is learned (Locke)

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6
Q

proximate causation

A

internal change, explain how

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7
Q

ultimate causation

A

evolutionary change, explains why
genes do not cause behaviour, they allow certain behaviours to emmerge

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8
Q

species

A

tend to mate
produce fertile offspring
sapiens = wise

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9
Q

genus

A

species evolved from common ancestor
Homo = human

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10
Q

homo erectus

A

possibly also mated with H. sapiens

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11
Q

homo neanderthalensis

A

mitochondrial DNA found in Europeans & Asians

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12
Q

homo sapiens

A

outcompeted all other human species
walking upright -> see predators from afar & frees hands

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13
Q

out of Africa hypothesis

A

most widely accepted
modern humans evolved as one species in Horn of Africa 200-300k years ago before migrating out
most recent wave 50-70k years ago

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14
Q

multiregional hypothesis

A

evolution within single, continuous human species encompassing all human forms, evolved worldwide to diverse populations of modern humans
now more similar to assimilation model

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15
Q

cognitive revolution

A

70k years ago
greater ability to process information likely reason we outcompeted others
increase in brain size -> planning, coordination, communication, innovation
rapid behaviour change, more variety in tools & art

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16
Q

argricultural revolution

A

12k years ago
change from hunter-gatherer to domestication
population no longer restricted by food availability (security, feed more children)
more restrictive diet
many diseases (cavities, diabetes, cancer, zoonotic)
ownership
more dependent on weather
sedentary, more time working
trapped, no way back to old lifestyle

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17
Q

scientific revolution

A

500 years ago
Galileo, Bacon, Descartes
scientific method to understand & control nature

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18
Q

anthropocene

A

proposed new epoch charcaterised by human modification of entire biosphere, climate, geology, ecosystems

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19
Q

gene

A

DNA sequence

20
Q

genotype

A

complete set of organism’s genes

21
Q

phenotype

A

overt (observable) characteristics, produced by genotype & environment

22
Q

epigenetics

A

regulation of gene expression
histones need to unwrap to allow access to DNA

23
Q

chromosome

A

spool of genetic material wound around histones

24
Q

diploid set

A

46 chromosomes
gene from both set codes for same thing, physicality dependent on gene expression

25
Q

haploid set

A

23 chromosomes (egg & sperm)

26
Q

allele

A

different form of same gene

27
Q

homozygous

A

alleles code for same phenotype

28
Q

heterozygous

A

alleles code for different phenotype, usually dominant gene is expressed

29
Q

innate human behaviours

A

inborn abilities present at birth/rapidly during development
reflexes, attraction to novelty, play, manipulate objects, basic cognitive skills (counting), Moro reflex (falling), feeding

30
Q

baby scheme/Kindchenschema

A

“cute” facial characteristics elicit caretaking behaviour
large head, round face, high protruding forehead, large eyes, smal nose & mouth

31
Q

piloerection

A

hair stands up in reaction to fright & cold
makes us look bigger->scarier
insulation, keeps layer of air around skin

32
Q

preference for cover

A

unconscious use of environmental features
remnant from being middle of food chain
children building forts, caves, hideaways
preference to sit with back against wall, take seats at corner & edge, high lookout for dwellings

33
Q

innate social behaviours

A

shared with primates
stretching out hand as initiation of contact
body contact to signal affection
pet/carress from allogrooming
hard-wired facial expressions, re-enaction -> empathy

34
Q

grasping reflex

A

newborns able to support own weight from climates clinging to mother’s fur

35
Q

crying

A

reflex to sooth distressed child due to extreme unease (caring response, activates amygdala)
complex, well-coordinated, highly effective

36
Q

twin studies on intelligence

A

comparing mono- & dizygotic twins in same vs dif environment
results: mostly genetic (twins always higher similarity in intelligence than siblings of unrelated) but somewhat influenced by environment

37
Q

heritability

A

IQ scores of adopted children correlate more with biological relatives
heritability estimate for intelligence -.4-0.5 for children, 0.6-0.8 for adults

38
Q

dizygotic twins

A

fraternal, from two different embryos (share half of genes)

39
Q

monozygotic twins

A

identical, from same embryo

40
Q

Darwin’s theory of evolution

A

factors: rapid multiplication, limited resources, competition (struggle for existence), more variation = more likely to adapt, survival of the fittest = natural selection acting on phenotype
random mutation -> not all offspring viable/will survive

41
Q

prokaryotic cell

A

no membrane-bound organelles or nucleus

42
Q

eukaryotic cell

A

plants, animals, contain specialised organelles

43
Q

symbiotic process

A

not always competition/random mutation/natural selection, cooperative
complex eukaryotic cells emmerged from phagocytosis of other bacteria which became specialised organelles

44
Q

endocymbiotic theory/theory of symbiogenesis

A

evidence:
cell cannot make organelles
double membrane
certain lipids in inner membrane
reproduce through binary fission like bacteria
circular ring DNA in mitochondria

45
Q

consequences of cognitive evolution

A

birth canal limits brain size -> folded structure ARHGAP11A gene random mutation to B
2.5% weight, 25% energy vs apes 8%
compromise for brain energy consumption: muscle atrophy, weaker jaws
diet: cooking increases caloric density and digestion speed
premature births -> babies plastic, helpless for a long time, require group raising -> social by necessity -> language, possibly friendliness

46
Q

consequences of language

A

coordination, planning complex actions
additive transmission of knowledge
abstract concepts, sharing myths, laws
friendliness, cooperation of strangers
larger societies (150 kinship tribes -> cities,nations)

47
Q

problems with evolutionary psychology

A

modularity (discrete codeable modules, eg snake detection) - behaviour actually from complex interation of brain regions
confirmatory testing - little research based on experimentation, can only confirm not reject hypothesis
Simple genetic model - assumption that every trait must be genetic & increase fitness, but many in fact cultural (see mate selection)

PSYC100 (11 decks)

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