L10 - social psychology Flashcards
first impressions
form schemas (mental file folders) quickly & automatically to make sense of the world
1. trustworthiness/warmth (friend or foe?)
2. competence/dominance (social status)
low competence high warmth = protective
low competence low trustworthiness = disdain
high competence high trustworthiness = admire
high competence low warmth = fear
primacy effect
tendency to remember information we encounter first
factors limiting accuracy of primacy effect
effort, deliberate processing
updating impressions
motivation (consequences)
heuristics, impressions management, confirmation bias
impression management
heuristics
mental shortcut
transference: applying schema of someone you already knew to someone new
accuracy of first impressions
attribution theory
explanations we assign to couses of event/action/outcome
more shocking = more effort in attributions
dispositional/internal attribution
traits, values, attitudes, beliefs, skills, intentions
self-serving bias
tendency to explain own success with internal and failures with external factors
self-serving bias
fundamental attribution error
tendency to overestimate internal influences & underestimate external influences
default explanation internal in Western indicidualistic culture
can be ovewritten with cognitive effort, has cultural variation
collectivistic society
value community, needs of group over individual
sensitive to situational constraints & how ppl adjust
tend to commit FAE less
stereotypes
mental beliefs/schemas/associations we have about groups (over-generalisation)
automatic associations, not judgements
can be positive, neutral, or negative
learned/perpetuated from environment
causes of innacuracy: media bias, applying group characteristics to individual
prejudice
negative attitudes or affective (emotional) responses towards groups
bias against person based on their perceived group
discrimination
negative begaviours, differential treatment, often stemming from prejudice
social categorisation
naturally chategorise world based on shared characteristics/common attributes
saves time & mental energy, simplifies chaotic environment, often accurate & useful if no other information
in-group favouritism
our group is better than theirs
over-estimating group differences
they are not like us
symbolic/modern racism
indirect discrimination eg social policies
racism/modern racism/symbolic racism
Robber’s Cave study
two groups of children (Eagles & Rattlers) by Sherif in 1961
1. bonding phase
2. competition phase
3. reconciliation phase
superordinate goals: goals so large they require more than one social group to complet
realistic conflict theory
Robbers Cave
groups competing for access to same resources
negative attitudes towards other group
social identity theory
in-group favouritism & out-group derogation
explicit/implicit attitudes
conscious attitudes can be updated easily, implicit (usually measured with Implicit Association Tests using reaction time) can be updated with repeated exposure but difficult
elaboration likelihood model
dual process of persuasions:
central route - more throughtful (more effort), leads to lasting change in attitude
peripheral route - more impressionable, only temporary change in attitude
cognitive dissonance theory
disconnect between actions & attitudes
we are motivated to reduce the tension by changing either attitude, behaviour, or perception of behaviour
social facilitation
working towards goal where individual efforts are evaluated
social influence
social norm
behaviours, traditions, beliefs, preferences
commonly accepted & reinforces
change & evolve over time
people in collecticistic cultures tend to conform to social norms more
forms of social influence
conformity - changing perceptions, opinions, or behaviours in ways consistence with group norms
complicance - changing behaviour in response to direct request
obedience - changing behaviour in response to perceived authority figures
informational social influence
pressure to conform because we want to be competent have correct information
normative social influence
pressure to conform to gain approval/fit in (peer pressure)
social facilitation
social influence
way people are affected by real & imaginary presence of others
obedience
how compliant would people be if there was more pressure?
milgram studies
will normal people harm others at request of authority figure?
participant - teacher
confederate - learner
predicted to stop ~150V, <1% would go all the way
but all went to 300V and 65% went all the way
factors: participants agitated/uncomfortable, told no repsonsibility
least compassionate when learner could not be seen or heard
replicating milgram today: Burger study
90% obedience rate in presence of authority
hostile aggression
reactive
goal to harm someone
impulsive emotional, can also be calm & cool
hostile aggression
aggression
behaviour with goal to harm other living being - physical, verbal, emotion, direct, indirect
theories of aggression
gender - men more direct, women more indirect/passive (could be due to socialisation)
neural influences - activation of certain neural systems cause hostility & vice versa
environmental influences - pain, hot weather, crowding, social provocation, social learning
prosocial behaviour
actions intended to help others
altruism (motivated by empathy) or egoism (motivated by distress)?
altruism
helping others without expecting anything in return
debate if pure altruism is possible but observed in monkeys
reciprocal altruism
helping others even if risky with idea that it will be repaid in future
norm reciprocity
tend to help those who have helped us before
bystander effect
diffusion of responsibility - assume someone else acted or more skilled to do so
pluralistic ignorance - unaware of others’ true beliefs, misinterpret social cues (think everyone else thinks it’s fine even though everyone bothered)
can overcome effect when one person with leadership skills or first aid training steps forward
mere exposure effect
interpersonal attraction (factors)
positive orientation towards someone
mere exposure effect - increased exposure = increased fondness (familiarity)
similarity
reciprocity
physical attraction
halo effect
what is beautiful is good
attachment styles
how we interact w someone close to us (strange situation experiment)
positive self & others: secure
negative self, positive others: anxious/ambivalent
positive self, negative others: avoidant
negative self & others: fearful/disorganise
impression management
self-promotion - competent
ingratiation - likeable
exemplification - dedicated
intimidation - dominant
supplication - needy
