L1&2 - intro, ideas, history

Question 1

psychology

Answer 1

philosophy+biology
Study of behaviour, mind, underpinning cognitive & physiological processes

Question 2

monism

Answer 2

only one reality
spiritual: mind creates matter
neutral: two ways to see same reality/we don’t know
materialist: matter is fundamental

Question 3

dualism

Answer 3

material world vs sould/mind/spirit
natural for humans to separate internal experiences from matter

Question 4

epiphenomenalism

Answer 4

mind as byproduct of brain activity but has no control (illusion through narrative)

Question 5

interactionism

Answer 5

brain and mind inflence each other (bidirectional)

Question 6

materialism

Answer 6

mind=brain, brain=mind

Question 7

structuralism

Answer 7

Atomistic study of conscious experience using introspection

Question 8

introspection

Answer 8

“The person looks upon himself as from within”
Requires intensive training, low objectivity & reproduceability

Question 9

functionalism

Answer 9

study of purpose of behaviours influenced by Darwin
“stream of consciousness”
real world adaptation

Question 10

Gestalt psychology

Answer 10

Gestalt = form
we perceive whole forms, not parts, what we perceive depends on context
5 Gestalt principles: built-in processes that organise perception
(phi phenomenon, emergence, multistability, reification, invariance)

Question 11

behaviourism

Answer 11

shift from philosophy to biology: animal research
purely objective science
goal to predict & control behaviour

Question 12

psychophysiological model of mind

Answer 12

reductionist
successfully explain behaviour based on biology
deeper layer of analysis (cellular, molecular)
experience modifies behaviour by changing biochemistry

Question 13

psychoanalysis

Answer 13

set of theories & techniques developed by Freud to treat mental illnesses
make unconscious conscious
society must control humans’ destructive nature

Question 14

id

Answer 14

primal pleasure principle

Question 15

ego

Answer 15

reason, control, mediates between forces

Question 16

superego

Answer 16

morality (perfect self)

Question 17

behaviourist model

Answer 17

predict what environmental factors determine behaviour (nothing inner because only observable can be analysed)
Antecendent conditions
Behavioural response
Consequences
Stimulus-response model
Pavlov, Little Albert (control)

Question 18

cognitive model

Answer 18

most influential, focus on mental processes (cognitions)
behaviour explained by information processing (like computor)
humans constuct subjective reality

Question 19

humanist model

Answer 19

alternative to pessimism of psychodynamic model & environmental determinism of behaviourist model
humans are naturally good & have free will
strive to realise full potential (herarchy of needs)
understand by finding patterns in life histories, focus on subjective world

Question 20

William James

Answer 20

Father of American psychology
Functionalism (stream of consciousness)

Question 21

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 21

Father of European psychology
Structuralist (introspection)

Question 22

John Watson

Answer 22

Behaviourist (animal labs)
Criticised introspection & European idealism of humans as different to other animals

Question 23

Sigmund Freud

Answer 23

Psychodynamic model - all behaviour stems from inherited reflexes + solving conflict bt individual/society
Focus on the unconscious

Question 24

Rene Descartes

Answer 24

Cartesian dualism: mind and body are qualitatively different substances
Mind has no physical extension in space

Question 25

empiricism

Answer 25

John Locke: all knowledge from sense-experience
use observation, experiments, interviews, surveys