L12 - disorders & treatments Flashcards
normal vs abnormal
hard to define, controversial, psychologists use specific system to classify
definition of disorder
deviance, distress, dysfunction, dangerous
biopsychosocial model
interaction between biological factors, psychological experiences, and social environment
DSM-5
lists symptoms & criteria of 19 categories of disorders, acknowledges interplay between three factors
onset age, risk factors, course of disorder (evolution & persistence), prevalence rates, gender differences, cultural considerations
problems with classification systems
subjective, relies on self-report
no bio-markers
may encourage overdiagnosis
consider everyday life problems as clinical disorders
does not account for (sequential) comorbidity
stigma
disapproval, discrimination, isolation, misconception that it’s a conscious choice or can be prevented/anticipated, may lead to self-fulfilling prophecy
anxiety disorders
general anxiety disorder - chronic anxiety, belief in benefits of worry for 6 months
panic disorder - unexpected panic attacks, worry of additional attacks
PTSD - intrusive memories, avoidance of external reminders, hypervigilance, irritability, exaggerated belief about others
risk factor genetic vulnerability, history of psychological problems, tendency to avoid unwanted thoughts, lack of social & cognitive resources
obsessive compulsive disorder
obsessions - recurrent unwanted thoughts & images
compulsions - repetitive, uncontrollable ritualised behaviours
magical thinking
may be abnormalities in prefrontal cortex -> cognitive & bahvioural rigidity
hyperactive amygdala
bipolar disorder
I - at least one manic episode, no major depressive episode required
II - at least one manic and one major depressive episode
abnormally elevated or irritable mood, increased energy, inflated slef-esteem, sometimes psychotic symptoms, decreased need for sleep, distractability, increased goal-directed activity, risk-taking, talkativeness
depressive disorders
significant distress & impairment
not attributed to physiological effects of drugs
5 or more in 2-week period:
1. depressed most of the day, most days
2. diminished interest & pleasure
3. disnificant weight/appetite loss/gain
4. insomnia or hypersomnia
5. psychomotor agitation/retardation
6. fatigue
7. feelings of worthlessness, excessive guilt
8. diminished ability to think/concentrate
9. recurrent thoughts of death/suicide
~7%, 3x higher in youth, neuroticism, adverse childhood experiences & stressful life events, first-degree family members
differential diagnosis: manic episodes, other conditinos, substance-induced, ADHD
vulnerability-stress model of depression
interaction between individual vulnerabilities & stressful experiences
genetic componenet
serotonin studies inconclusive
cognitive habits in depression
attributional theory, rumination (repetitive & passive focus on symptoms, causes, consequences), negative feedback seeking, excessive reassurance seeking
attributional theory of depression
attributing negative events to causes that are internal, stable, and global
schizophrenia
positive psychotic symptoms - delusions, hallucinations, disorganised thinking, abnormal motor (eg catatonic) behaviour
negative psychotic symptoms - loss of motivation to take care of self, flat/blunted affect, reduced speech production, asociality
childhood/past trauma, abnormality in brain structure: enlarged ventricles, abnormalities in thalamus, deficiencies in auditory cortex, hyoeractivity of dopamine in subcortical regions & hypoactivity in prefrontal regions
genetic predisposition, prenatal problem/birth complications (cannabis exposure), environmental stressors interacting with genetics
reduced grey matter density
psychoanalysis/psychodynamic therapy
analysing unconscious processes
how repressed emotions influence current behaviours/thoughts
recurrrent themes/patterns
interpersonal relationships
developmental focus
resistance
humanistic/person-centered therapy
unconditional positive self-regard
empathy
congruence (genuineness, authenticity)
no hierarchy between client & patient, non-directive, goal to increase insight
cognitive behavioural therapy
thought, emotion, behaviour affect each other, can change feelings through thought and action
acceptance & commitment therapy
CBT focused on nagative automatic thoughts, paradoxical, may be ineffective
approach with acceptance and without hanging on, focus on positive message
psychopathology stemming from efforts to escape unpleasant feelings
psychological flexibility - acceptance, cognitive de0fusion, self as context, being present, values, committed action
cognitive distortions
all or nothing thinking
over-generalising
mental filter
disqualifying the positive
jumping to conclusions
magnification (catastrophisig & minimisation)
emotional reasoning
should/must/ought -> guilt, failure, frustration
labelling
personalisation
cognitive restructuring
CBT thought record - mnegative automatic thoughts, evidence against & alternative thought
bahavioural activation
mainly used in depression
increase engagement in adaptive activities eg walking jogging, going to movies, spending time with family, and decrease activities that maintain depressive symptoms
systematic desensitisation
exposure (anxiety & OCD)
pavlovian extinction - fearful stimulus presented without negative reinforcer and without engaging in safety behaviours
dodo bird effect
“everybody has won and all must have prizes” -> all therapies have equivalent outcome
common factors
client characteristics - positive expectancies, distress
treatment structure - technique/ritual, explanation of inner world, theory
therapist qualities - cultivate hope, warm/positive regard, empathy
relationship - alliance
chance processes - catharsis/ventilation, new behaviours, therapeutic rationale, insight/awareness
