L5: Depression and Schizophrenia Flashcards
What are the 4 categories of symptoms of depression?
Affective, Cognitive, Motivational, Physiological
How do the 3 antidepressant types work?
a) MAO Inhibitors
b) Tricyclics
c) SSRIs
a) slows down the breaking down of enxymes in synaptic cleft. leaves more serotonin in the gap.
b) Blocks reuptake of monoamines in presynaptic cell
c) Blocks transporter of the serotonin reuptake
Why is stress and depression linked?
Stress can damage the hippocampus which impairs memory and regulation of stress response.
What did serotonin depletion experiments find? (Ruhe, Mason & Schene, 2007)
Patients in remission experienced relapse in symptoms.
PPs with no family history or personal history experienced no mood changes.
PPs with family history but no personal history experienced some mood worsening
What are the 3 routes of the anxiety-alcohol-depression cycle?
1- Anxiety entry- drink to calm nerves, body builds tolerance
2- Alcohol entry- Intake of alcohol depresses nervous system
3-Stress-induced depression entry - unable to cope, so drink is used as self-medication and this deepens depression
What has Seligman’s shock experiment taught us about learned helplessness?
Lab animals in metal cage with mesh which carries a current. If dog experiences inescapable shock first, they will lie there and accept the shock.
What are the 5 examples of depressive reasoning?
1- Arbitrary inference - drawing negative conclusions without argument
2- Selective abstraction - picking up something and broadening it
3- Over-generalisation
4- Negative magnification - highlighting importance of the negative aspect of the experience
5- Personalisation - holding the self responsible for negative things
What is the genetic vulnerability of schizophrenia?
1-4% prevalence.
48% risk in MZ twins. 17% in DZ twins.
What are 4 examples of schizophrenia?
Paranoid schizophrenia
Hebephrenic schizophrenia
Catatonic schizophrenia
Residual schizophrenia
What are the main differences between type 1 and 2 schizophrenia
Type 1 - positive sumptoms. Larger number of dopamine receptors. Excessive dopamine activity
Type 2 - negative symptoms. Reduced size of frontal and temporal lobes. Interconnections between brain systems arent activated.
What is the dopamine hypothesis in schizophrenia?
Excess dopamine activity may produce positive symptoms. Dopamine agonists can generate psychosis.
What are Typical Antipsychotics?
Chlorpromazine & Haloperidol.
Block D2 type dopamine receptors. Reduce positive symptoms but not wffective against negative symptoms.
What are Atypical Antipsychotics?
Clozapine & Risperidone.
Block fewer D2 dopamine receptors but also block some types of serotonin. Less severe side effects. More effective on positive and negative symptoms.
How effective are schizophrenia drug treatments?
Only moderately effective. 14% first-time and 25% repeat sufferers do not respond to antipsychotics.
What did Gahn et al 2008 find?
Reduction in connectivity in schizophrenia sufferers occurs substantially in brain networks involved in executive function.
