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MoD > L5 - Cell injury and Cell death > Flashcards

L5 - Cell injury and Cell death Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two cellular adaptions a cell can make in response to external pressures?

A

hypertrophy

atrophy

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2
Q

what is necrosis?

A

Severe cell swelling and rupture (not programmed)

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3
Q

what is apoptosis?

A

Internally controlled cell death (programmed)

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4
Q

what is oncosis?

A

Pre lethal changes preceding cell death

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5
Q

what are causes of cell injury?

A 
• Hypoxia 
• Physical agents
– Temperature, trauma, radiation 
• Chemical agents
– Drugs etc 
• Immunologic reactions 
• Infectious agents 
• Genetic derangements 
• Nutritional imbalances
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6
Q

how does trauma cause cellular injury?

A

Mechanical disruption of tissue

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7
Q

how does carbon monoxide inhalation cause cellular injury?

A

Prevents oxygen transport

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8
Q

how does contact with strong acid cause cellular injury?

A

Coagulates tissue protein

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9
Q

how does a paracetamol overdose cause cellular injury?

A

Metabolites bind to liver cell protein and lipoproteins

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10
Q

how do bacterial infections cause cellular injury?

A

Toxins and enzymes

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11
Q

how does ionising radiation cause cellular injury?

A

Damage to DNA

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12
Q

a cell experiences swelling, pallor, hydropic change, vacuolar degeneration - what type of injury is this?

A

reversible

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13
Q

what are the 3 types of. cellular injury?

A

reversible

irreversible

ischaemic/reperfusion

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14
Q

a cell experiences Mitochondrial swelling, lysosomes swells, damage to membrane,
leakages of enzymes
- what type of injury is this?

A

irreversible

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15
Q

a cell experiences New damage on reperfusion mediated by free oxygen radicals - what type of injury is this?

A

Ischaemic/Reperfusion injury

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16
Q

features of a reversible cell injury?

A
  • decreased generation of ATP
  • loss of cell membrane integrity
  • defects in protein synthesis and DNA damage

(cell shuts down to. concentrate on surviving)

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17
Q

features of a irreversible cell injury?

A
  • severe mitochondrial. changes
  • extensive damage to plasma membranes
  • swelling of lysosomes
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18
Q

how does the degeneration of ATP in reversible cell injury, lead to cellular swelling?

A
  • decreased ATP
  • decreased activity of Na/K pump
  • increased Na inside of cell
  • water comes into cell (osmosis)
  • cell swells
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19
Q

in an irreversible cellular injury, membrane damage to lysosomes can cause what?

A
  • leakage of lysosomal enzymes into cytosol

- enzymatic degradation of cell

20
Q

in an irreversible cellular injury, membrane damage to the cell membrane can cause what?

A
  • increased Ca inside cell which activates proteases and other enzymes
  • enzymatic degradation of cell
21
Q

in an irreversible cellular injury, membrane damage to mitochondria can cause what?

A
  • cytochrome c. leakage

- activates caspaces which triggers apoptosis

22
Q

features of apoptosis?

A

• Programmed cell death
• Individual cell deletion
• Activated or prevented by many stimuli
• Increased apoptosis results in excessive cell loss e.g,
atrophy

23
Q

features of necrosis?

A

• Death of tissue following bioenergy failure and loss of plasma
membrane integrity
• Includes inflammation and repair

24
Q

what happens to the size of a cell in necrosis compared to apoptosis?

A

necrosis:

  • cellular swelling
  • many cells affected

apoptosis:

  • cell shrinkage
  • one cell affected
25
Q

what happens to the uptake of a cell in necrosis compared to apoptosis?

A

necrosis:

  • contents ingested by macrophages
  • significant inflammation

apoptosis:

  • contents ingested by neighbouring cells
  • no inflammatory response
26
Q

what happens to the membrane of a cell in necrosis compared to apoptosis?

A

necrosis:

  • loss of membrane integrity
  • cell lysis occurs

apoptosis:

  • membrane blebbing but integrity maintained
  • apoptotic bodies form.
27
Q

what happens to the organelles of a cell in necrosis compared to apoptosis?

A

necrosis:

  • organelle selling and lysosomal leakage
  • random degradation of DNA

apoptosis:

  • mitochondria release pro-apoptotic proteins
  • chromatic condensation and non-random DNA degradation
28
Q

chromatic condensation is a feature of necrosis or apoptosis?

A

apoptosis

29
Q

cell lysis is a feature of necrosis or apoptosis?

A

necrosis

30
Q

organelle swelling is a feature of necrosis or apoptosis?

A

necrosis

31
Q

membrane blebbing is a feature of necrosis or apoptosis?

A

apoptosis

32
Q

an inflammatory response is a feature of necrosis or apoptosis?

A

necrosis

33
Q

what is autophagy?

A

cell dissembles itself/eats itself to provide energy to surrounding cells

NB: normal natural response - no inflammatory response

34
Q

what are the 6 types of necrosis?

A
  • coagulative
  • liquefactive
  • gangrenous
  • caseous
  • fat necrosis
  • fibrinoid necrosis
35
Q

what is the most common form of necrosis?

A

Coagulative Necrosis

36
Q

features of Coagulative Necrosis?

A
  • cells retain their outlines

- architecture preserved but loss of proteins/enzymes and metabolic activity

37
Q

features of Liquefactive Necrosis?

A 
• Seen in brain 
• Due to lack of
substantial supporting
stroma 
• Neural tissue may
totally liquify
38
Q

what type of necrosis is seen in the brain?

A

Liquefactive Necrosis

39
Q

features of Gangrenous Necrosis?

A 
• Putrefaction of the
tissue 
• Cause is mostly
infectious/ bacteria. 
• Appear black 
• Types
– Wet gangrene 
– Dry gangrene 
– Gas gangrene
40
Q

what are the 3 types of gangrenous necrosis?

A

– Wet gangrene
– Dry gangrene
– Gas gangrene

41
Q

what is the main cause of Caseous Necrosis?

A

tuberculosis

42
Q

features of Caseous Necrosis?

A 
•  looks like cottage cheese
• Tuberculosis is main
cause 
• Structureless dead
tissue 
• Amorphous pink
material in centre with
necrotic debri
43
Q

what are the two causes of fat necrosis?

A

enzymes

trauma

44
Q

what two conditions is fibrinoid necrosis seen in?

A

malignant hypertension

autoimmune diseases

45
Q

what type of necrosis is seen in autoimmune disease?

A

fibrinoid necrosis

46
Q

what type of necrosis is seen in malignant hypertension?

A

fibrinoid necrosis

47
Q

what is the most common site of Coagulative necrosis?

A

myocardium

MoD (19 decks)

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