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MoD > L2 - Immunodeficiency and Autoimmunity > Flashcards

L2 - Immunodeficiency and Autoimmunity Flashcards

1
Q

Features of the innate immune system

A

Rapid
Non-specific
Works immediately
No memory

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2
Q

What makes up the innate immune system?

A

Physical barriers
Chemical barriers
Resistance to pathogens (dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils)

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3
Q

What makes up the adaptive immune system?

A

Humoral - antibodies
Specialised cells
- B cells (produce antibodies)
- T cells (helper and killer)

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4
Q

Features of adaptive immunity?

A 
Delayed response 
Specific 
Self/non self recognition 
Diversity in types of response 
Memory
  • protects against reinfection of specific antigens
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5
Q

Where are B cells made/matured?

A

Made and matured in the bone marrow

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6
Q

Where are T cells made and matured?

A

Made in the bone marrow but mature in the thymus

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7
Q

Which cell type can be described as a gatekeeper of the immune system?

A

T helper cells CD4

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8
Q

What activates t helper cells CD4?

A

Activated by binding of MHCII

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9
Q

What to t helper cells CD4 do?

A

Presents antigen to cytoxic T cells CD8+ and naive B cells and undergo clonal expansion

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10
Q

What do cytoxic T cells CD8+ do?

A

Bind MHCI

defects damaged MHC from infected/diseased cell, or non-self MHC directly

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11
Q

When is IgM antibody used?

A

Primary response

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12
Q

When is IgG antibody used?

A

Secondary response

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13
Q

When is IgA antibody used?

A

Protects mucosal surfaces

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14
Q

When is IgD antibody used?

A

B cell receptor

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15
Q

When is IgE antibody used?

A

Antibody of allergy found on mast cells

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16
Q

What is immunosuppression and what is it’s uses?

A

Natural or artificial process which can turn off the immune response either partially or fully

Uses: transplant rejection, autoimmune diseases, lymphoproliferative diseases

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17
Q

What is immune deficiency?

A

Lack of an efficient immune system - susceptible to infection

NB: X-linked/autosomal recessive traits

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18
Q

What is primary/secondary immunodeficiency?

A

Primary: very rare, often diagnosed in early childhood (recurrent infection often suggests immunological problems)

Secondary: acquired immunodeficiency, causes; stress, cancer, surgery, malnutrition, irradiation, AIDS, infection

NB can also be acquired due to immunosuppressive effects of drugs eg chemotherapy

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19
Q

What is organ specific autoimmunity?

A
  • affects single organ
  • autoimmunity restricted to auto antigens of that organ
  • overlap with other organ specific diseases
  • autoimmune thyroid disease is typical (hasimotos and grave’s)
20
Q

What is hashimotos thyroiditis?

A

Destruction of thyroid follicles

  • associated with autoantibodies to thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase
  • leads to hyperthyroidism
21
Q

What is Graves’ disease?

A

Inappropriate stimulation of thyroid gland by anti-TSH-autoantibodies
- leads to hyperthyroidism

22
Q

Why does autoimmunity occur?

A

Autoreactive B cells
Autoreactive T cells
Defects in T cells

23
Q

which type of precursor cell will give rise to dendritic, macrophage and neutrophils?

A

myeloid precursor cells

24
Q

which type of precursor cell will give rise to B and T cells?

A

Lymphoid precursor cells

25
Q

what type of cell is CD4?

A

T helper cell

26
Q

what type of cell is CD8?

A

T cytotoxic cell

27
Q

Cells from innate immune system (macrophage, dendritic, NK cells and mast cells) are
armed with Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) - what do PRRs do?

A

recognise foreign material but they are not specific

activate cytokines and surface molecules which will instruct the T cells to
recognise the microorganism for the right immune response

28
Q

what is autoimmunity?

A
  • theoretical concept

- genetically determined

29
Q

what is an autoimmune disease?

A
  • breakdown of self-tolerance

- environmental factors acting on a favourable genetic background

30
Q

are autoimmune disease more common in women or men?

A

women (hormonal influence)

31
Q

what are some environmental triggers of autoimmunity?

A

infection

trauma tissue damage

smoking

32
Q

what is the most common autoimmune disease?

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis

33
Q

which autoimmune disease ischaracterised by inflammatory joint pathology
associated with synovial joint inflammation and tissue destruction?

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis

34
Q

Susceptibility of what autoimmune disease is associated with defined HLA-DRB1 alleles?

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis

35
Q

What is systemic specific autoimmunity?

A
  • affect several organs simultaneously
  • autoimmunity associated with auto antigens found in most cells of body
  • overlap with other non-organ specific diseases
  • connective tissue diseases are typical (SLE, scleroderma, polymyositis, sjogrens syndrome)
36
Q

is using inflammatory markers as a diagnostic test disease specific or non specific?

A

non specific

37
Q

is using autoantibody testing as a diagnostic test disease specific or non specific?

A

disease specific

38
Q

is using HLA typing as a diagnostic test disease specific or non specific?

A

disease specific

39
Q

why do we measure antibodies?

A
  • diagnostic/early diagnosis/exclusion of diagnosis
  • sub typing of patients
  • monitoring of exacerbation or remission
  • cost effective
40
Q

what is HLA?

A

human leukocyte antigens

HLA are antigens on most cells in your body. Your immune system uses HLA to recognize which cells belong in your body and which do not.

41
Q

which cells are used in antinuclear antibody testing? (ANA)

A

HEP 2000 cells

large nuclei and most autoimmune conditions target DNA

42
Q

when would we carry out ANA tests?

A

when we suspect an autoimmune disorder

43
Q

which test would you carry out if you suspect an autoimmune disorder?

A

Antinuclear antibody (ANA) testing

44
Q

in a positive ANA test, what will you see under a microscope?

A

patterns of florescent markers

  • Immunofluorescence matters are disease specific
45
Q

what is immunosuppression?

A

a natural or artificial process which turns off the immune

response, partially or fully, accidentally or on purpose.

46
Q

when would we use immunosuppressive treatments?

A
  • transplant rejection
  • autoimmune diseases
  • lymphoproliferative diseases
47
Q

what are causes of secondary/acquired immunodeficiencies?

A
  • stress
  • surgery/burns
  • malnutrition
  • cancer
  • immunosuppressive drugs
  • irradiation
  • AIDS
  • infection

MoD (19 decks)

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