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MoD > L11 - Classification, structure and replication of m/o > Flashcards

L11 - Classification, structure and replication of m/o Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 main domains?

A

prokaryota

eukaryota

archaea

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2
Q

what are the 5 main kingdoms?

A

Bacteria

protista

fungi

plantae

animalia

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3
Q

describe a bacteria cell

A
  • single cell organism
  • lack membrane bound nucleus
  • prokaryotes

[have a cell wall, cell membrane, sex pilus, flagellum,
fimbriae and capsule]

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4
Q

what is the bacterial organ of locomotion?

A

flagella

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5
Q

what does a monotrichous flagella look like?

A

one at the back

A

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6
Q

what does a Lophotrichous flagella look like?

A

many at the back

B

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7
Q

what does a Amphitrichous flagella look like?

A

one on either side of cell

C

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8
Q

what does a Peritrichous flagella look like?

A

lots on either side

D

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9
Q

what specialised structures to bacteria have to aid adhesion to host cells and colonisation?

A

Pili and fimbriae [Gram negative bacteria]

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10
Q

what is the function of a bacteria’s capsule of slime layer?

A

Polysaccharide material protecting bacteria from phagocytosis, dessication,
immune attack, antibiotics

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11
Q

what does the India ink test, test for?

A
  • add India ink
  • If it has a capsid, it will not be taken up (white)
  • If it has a slime layer, it will be taken up (dark)
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12
Q

what is biofilm?

A

Structure containing lots of bacteria adhering together to provide protection from
antibiotics

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13
Q

what is an endospore?

A

An endospore is a dormant, tough, non-reproductive structure

  • during a harsh environment they produced spores to allow them to survive for many years
  • not active or able to reproduce
  • when conditions are Bette they can return to the active form
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14
Q

into what categories can you classify bacteria?

A
  • gram stain
  • cell shape
  • endospore
  • atmospheric preference
  • fastidiousness
  • key enzymes
  • DNA
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15
Q

what is gram stain used for?

A

Gram stain is used to identify if the bacteria is gram positive or
negative

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16
Q

what colour does gram positive stain?

A

purple

crystal violet binds to the cell wall

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17
Q

what colour does gram negative stain?

A

red

crystal violet doesn’t bind to the cell wall

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18
Q

what does cocci refer to?

A

round shape

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19
Q

what does coccus refer to?

A

one round bacteria

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20
Q

what does diplococci refer to?

A

two round bacteria

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21
Q

what does streptococci refer to?

A

multiple round bacteria

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22
Q

what does bacilli refer to?

A

rod shaped

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23
Q

what does bacillus refer to?

A

one rod bacteria

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24
Q

what does diplobacilli refer to?

A

two rod bacteria

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25
Q

what does streptobacilli refer to?

A

multiple rod bacteria

26
Q

what does coccobacillus refer to?

A

between round and rod

27
Q

what ways can bacteria replicate?

A
  • binary fission
  • conjugation
  • transformation
  • transduction
28
Q

what is binary fission?

A

cells divide to give two identical daughter cells

[asexual, creates new bacteria, but no exchange of genetic material]

29
Q

what is conjugation?

A

transfer of transposable elements

[Creates no new bacteria, some genetic diversity.]

30
Q

what is transformation?

A

picking up genetic material from the environment

[Creates no new bacteria, introduces some genetic diversity to the population.]

31
Q

what is transduction?

A

transfer of genetic information via a viral vector

[Introduces some genetic diversity into a population.]

32
Q

which type of bacterial replication results in genetic diversity?

A

conjugation
transformation
transduction

33
Q

which type of bacterial replication results in new bacterium being made?

A

binary fission

34
Q

what is the name for transfer of genetic information via a viral vector?

A

transduction

35
Q

what is the name for picking up genetic material from the environment?

A

transformation

36
Q

with reference to binary fission, what is doubling time?

A

amount of time it takes for one cell to become 2

NB: bacteria have different doubling times - important consideration for antibiotic treatments

37
Q

which type of bacterial replication uses a sex pilus?

A

conjugation

38
Q

what is the process of binary fission?

A
  • DNA replication
  • Cell elongation
  • Contraction of FtsZ ring
  • Cell wall synthesis and Cell division
39
Q

which bacterial replication process results in both bacteria having the plasmid?

A

conjugation

40
Q

what is the process of transduction?

A

o Attachment of the viral cell to the bacterial cell
o Release of its DNA into the bacterial cell
o Interaction with the chromosomal DNA of the bacterial cell
o Breaking up of the DNA
o Results in the proteins of the virus

41
Q

what domain are fungi?

A

eukaryotic

42
Q

what domain are bacteria?

A

prokaryota

43
Q

what is a fungi cell wall made of?

A

chitin

[Structure of N–Acetylglucosamine - Structure is similar but it is different to plants (cellulose)]

44
Q

what is the most common yeast infection?

A

thrush caused by C. (candida) albicans

45
Q

what is thrush caused by?

A

fungi - C. (candida) albicans

46
Q

how do fungi replicate?

A

sexually

asexually via spores

47
Q

which method of fungal replication results in genetic diversity?

A

sexually

48
Q

which method of fungal replication results in no genetic diversity?

A

germination of spores

  • Mitosis from mycelium (1n)
49
Q

what are the two types of parasite?

A

protozoa (protists)

helminths (Animalia)

50
Q

what are the 4 types of protozoa?

A

● Flagellates – e.g. Giardia [flagella to move]
● Amoebae – e.g. Entamoeba [change its shape]
● Cilliates – e.g. Balantidium [cilia to move]
● Apicomplexa (or Sporozoa) – e.g. plasmodium

51
Q

how do protozoa replicate?

A

Reproduce asexually (fission)

52
Q

what are the components of a virus?

A
  • nucleic acid
  • protein coat
  • envelope
53
Q

describe the viral life cycle?

A
  1. attachment/penetration
  2. uncaring
  3. Early viral proteins produced
  4. Genome replication
  5. Late viral proteins produced
  6. Virion assembly
  7. Virion release
54
Q

during viral replication, how does the virus attach/penetrate a cell?

A

endocytosis

direct membrane fusion

55
Q

with reference to the viral replication cycle, what is meant by the step uncaring?

A

● Genome is released from capsid (protein coat) during / after
penetration

● Genetic material targeted to nucleus

56
Q

with reference to the viral replication cycle, how does a cell perform the final step of virion release?

A

lytic - bursts cell

lysogenic

57
Q

how do retroviruses replicate?

A

➢ Unusual
➢ Reverse transcriptase converts RNA to DNA
➢ Integrated in host DNA (integrase)
➢ Uses host replication system [people are affected by this virus indefinitely]

58
Q

which characteristics do you use to classify a virus?

A

● Nature of the nucleic acid: RNA or DNA
● Symmetry of the capsid
● Presence or absence of an envelope
● Dimensions of the virion and capsid

59
Q

what classification of virus is the herpesvirus?

A

dsDNA

60
Q

what classification of virus is the parvovirus?

A

ssDNA

61
Q

what are prions?

A

➢ Misfolded protein
➢ Unlike viruses, no genetic material
➢ Can be inherited, spread via contaminated material or occur spontaneously
➢ Aggregate and cause misfolding of native proteins – chain reaction

Examples:

  • Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
  • Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
  • Scrapie

MoD (19 decks)

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