L5: Appendicular Pt. 1 Flashcards
1
Q
contribute to homeostasis by providing attachment points and leverage for muscles, which aids body movements; by providing support and protection of internal organs, such as the genital organs; and by storing and releasing calcium.
A
bones of the appendicular skeleton
2
Q
the two main divisions of the skeletal system are the
A
axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton
3
Q
the general function of the ___ is the protection of internal organs;
A
axial skeleton
4
Q
the primary func tion of the ___ , is movement.
A
appendicular skeleton
5
Q
includes the bones that blasbike/123 RF make up the upper and lower limbs as well as the bones of the two girdles that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton. The bones of the appendicular skeleton are connected with one another and with skeletal muscles, permitting you to do things such as walk, write, use a computer, dance, swim, and play a musical instrument
A
appendicular skeleton
6
Q
How many pectoral (shoulder) girdles does the human body have?
A
Two
7
Q
What is the function of the pectoral (shoulder) girdles?
A
They attach the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton by a series of muscles.
8
Q
What does each of the two pectoral girdles consist of?
A
A clavicle and a scapula
9
Q
What is the anterior bone of the pectoral girdle?
A
Clavicle
10
Q
With what does the clavicle articulate?
A
The manubrium of the sternum at the sternoclavicular joint
11
Q
With what does the scapula articulate?
A
The clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint and the humerus at the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
12
Q
Do the pectoral girdles articulate with the vertebral column?
A
No
13
Q
What holds the pectoral girdles in position and stabilizes them?
A
A group of large muscles that extend from the vertebral column and ribs to the scapula
14
Q
is the anterior bone of the pectoral girdle, and the scapula is the posterior bone.
A
clavicle
15
Q
articulates medially with the manubrium of the sternum and laterally with the acromion of the scapula.
A
clavicle
16
Q
What is another name for the clavicle?
A
Collarbone
17
Q
What is the shape of the clavicle?
A
S-shaped
18
Q
Where does the clavicle lie?
A
Horizontally across the anterior part of the thorax superior to the first rib
19
Q
Is the clavicle subcutaneous and easily palpable?
A
Yes
20
Q
Why is the clavicle S-shaped?
A
The medial half is convex anteriorly, and the lateral half is concave anteriorly.
21
Q
In which sex is the clavicle rougher and more curved?
A
Males
22
Q
What is the medial end of the clavicle called?
A
Sternal end
23
Q
With what does the sternal end of the clavicle articulate?
A
The manubrium of the sternum to form the sternoclavicular joint
24
Q
What is the broad, flat, lateral end of the clavicle called?
A
Acromial end
25
With what does the acromial end of the clavicle articulate?
The acromion of the scapula to form the acromioclavicular joint
26
What is the conoid tubercle?
A point of attachment for the conoid ligament, which attaches the clavicle and scapula
27
Where is the impression for the costoclavicular ligament located?
On the inferior surface of the sternal end
28
What is the function of the costoclavicular ligament?
It attaches the clavicle and first rib
29
What does the clavicle transmit?
Mechanical force from the upper limb to the trunk
30
What may result if the force transmitted to the clavicle is excessive?
A fractured clavicle
31
How can a fractured clavicle occur?
By falling on outstretched arms or from a blow to the superior part of the anterior thorax
32
What is an example of an impact that can cause a fractured clavicle?
An automobile accident
33
What is one of the most frequently broken bones in the body?
The clavicle
34
Where is the weakest point of the clavicle?
The junction of the two curves
35
What is the most frequent fracture site of the clavicle?
The clavicular midregion
36
What structure can be damaged due to compression of the clavicle in automobile accidents?
The brachial plexus
37
Where is the brachial plexus located?
Between the clavicle and the second rib
38
How is a fractured clavicle usually treated?
With a figure-eight sling to keep the arm from moving outward
39
articulates with the head of the humerus to form the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
glenoid cavity of the scapula
40
What is another name for the scapula?
Shoulder blade
41
What type of bone is the scapula?
A large, triangular, flat bone
42
Where is the scapula located?
In the superior part of the posterior thorax between the levels of the second and seventh ribs
43
What is the spine of the scapula?
A prominent ridge that runs diagonally across the posterior surface of the scapula
44
What is the acromion?
A flattened, expanded process at the lateral end of the spine, easily felt as the high point of the shoulder
45
What do tailors use the acromion for?
To measure the length of the upper limb
46
What does the acromion articulate with?
The acromial end of the clavicle to form the acromioclavicular joint
47
What is the glenoid cavity?
A shallow depression that accepts the head of the humerus to form the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
48
What is the medial (vertebral) border?
The thin edge of the scapula closer to the vertebral column
49
What is the lateral (axillary) border?
The thick edge of the scapula closer to the arm
50
Where do the medial and lateral borders join?
At the inferior angle
51
What is the superior border?
The superior edge of the scapula
52
Where does the superior border join the medial border?
At the superior angle
53
What is the suprascapular notch?
A prominent indentation along the superior border through which the suprascapular nerve passes
54
What is the coracoid process?
A projection of the anterior surface at the lateral end of the superior border
55
What attaches to the coracoid process?
Tendons of the pectoralis minor, coracobrachialis, and biceps brachii muscles, and ligaments (coracoacromial, conoid, and trapezoid)
56
What are the two fossae on the posterior surface of the scapula?
The supraspinous fossa and the infraspinous fossa
57
What attaches to the supraspinous fossa?
The supraspinatus muscle of the shoulder
58
What attaches to the infraspinous fossa?
The infraspinatus muscle of the shoulder
59
What is the subscapular fossa?
A slightly hollowed-out area on the anterior surface of the scapula
60
What attaches to the subscapular fossa?
The subscapularis muscle
61
How many bones does each upper limb (upper extremity) have?
30 bones
62
What are the three locations of bones in the upper limb (upper extremity)?
(1) The humerus in the arm, (2) the ulna and radius in the forearm, and (3) the 8 carpals in the carpus (wrist), the 5 metacarpals in the metacarpus (palm), and the 14 phalanges (bones of the digits) in the hand
63
is the longest and largest bone of the upper limb.
humerus
64
What is the humerus (HŪ-mer-us)?
The longest and largest bone of the upper limb
65
With what does the humerus articulate proximally?
The scapula to form the shoulder joint
66
With what does the humerus articulate distally?
The ulna and the radius to form the elbow joint
67
What is the head of the humerus?
A rounded structure that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
68
What is the anatomical neck of the humerus?
An oblique groove distal to the head, which is the former site of the epiphyseal (growth) plate in an adult humerus
69
What is the greater tubercle of the humerus?
A lateral projection distal to the anatomical neck that is the most laterally palpable bony landmark of the shoulder region
70
What is the lesser tubercle of the humerus?
A projection that extends anteriorly
71
What is the groove between the greater tubercle and lesser tubercle?
The intertubercular sulcus
72
What is the surgical neck of the humerus?
A constriction just distal to the tubercles where the head tapers to the body; fractures often occur here
73
How does the body of the humerus change in shape?
It is roughly cylindrical at its proximal end, becomes triangular in the middle, and flattens and broadens at its distal end
74
What is the deltoid tuberosity?
A roughened, V-shaped area on the lateral middle portion of the humerus that serves as a point of attachment for the tendons of the deltoid muscle
75
What is the radial groove?
A groove on the posterior surface of the humerus that runs along the deltoid tuberosity and contains the radial nerve
76
What is the capitulum of the humerus?
A rounded knob on the lateral aspect of the humerus that articulates with the head of the radius
77
What is the radial fossa?
An anterior depression above the capitulum that articulates with the head of the radius when the forearm is flexed
78
What is the trochlea of the humerus?
A spool-shaped surface located medial to the capitulum that articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna
79
What is the coronoid fossa?
An anterior depression that receives the coronoid process of the ulna when the forearm is flexed
80
What is the olecranon fossa?
A large posterior depression that receives the olecranon of the ulna when the forearm is extended
81
What are the medial epicondyle and lateral epicondyle?
Rough projections on either side of the distal end of the humerus where tendons of most forearm muscles attach
82
What nerve can be palpated by rolling a finger over the posterior surface of the medial epicondyle?
The ulnar nerve
83
What is commonly referred to as the funnybone?
The ulnar nerve, which causes severe pain when struck, despite the misleading name
84
Where is the ulna located?
On the medial aspect (the little-finger side) of the forearm
85
Which is longer, the ulna or the radius?
The ulna
86
What is a mnemonic to remember the location of the ulna in relation to the hand?
"p.u." (the pinky is on the ulna side)
87
What is the olecranon?
A structure at the proximal end of the ulna that forms the prominence of the elbow
88
What is the coronoid process?
An anterior projection of the ulna that articulates with the trochlea of the humerus
89
What is the trochlear notch?
A large curved area between the olecranon and coronoid process that forms part of the elbow joint
90
What is the radial notch?
A depression lateral and inferior to the trochlear notch that articulates with the head of the radius
91
What is the ulnar tuberosity?
A structure just inferior to the coronoid process where the brachialis muscle attaches
92
What does the distal end of the ulna consist of?
A head that is separated from the wrist by a disc of fibrous cartilage
93
What is the styloid process of the ulna?
A structure on the posterior side of the ulna’s distal end that provides attachment for the ulnar collateral ligament to the wrist
94
Where is the radius located?
On the lateral aspect (thumb side) of the forearm
95
How does the radius compare in size to the ulna?
The radius is the smaller bone of the forearm
96
How does the radius differ in shape from the ulna?
The radius is narrow at its proximal end and widens at its distal end
97
What is the head of the radius?
A disc-shaped structure at the proximal end of the radius that articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna
98
What is the neck of the radius?
A constricted area inferior to the head
99
What is the radial tuberosity?
A roughened area inferior to the neck on the anteromedial side, serving as a point of attachment for the tendons of the biceps brachii muscle
100
What is the styloid process of the radius?
A structure on the lateral side of the distal radius, which can be felt proximal to the thumb
101
What is the ulnar notch?
A narrow concavity at the distal end of the radius that articulates with the head of the ulna
102
What attaches to the styloid process of the radius?
The brachioradialis muscle and the radial collateral ligament to the wrist
103
What is the most common fracture in adults older than 50?
Fracture of the distal end of the radius, typically occurring during a fall
104
Where do the ulna and radius articulate with the humerus?
At the elbow joint in two places: where the head of the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus, and where the trochlear notch of the ulna articulates with the trochlea of the humerus
105
How do the ulna and radius connect with one another?
At three sites: the interosseous membrane, the proximal radioulnar joint, and the distal radioulnar joint
106
What is the interosseous membrane?
A broad, flat, fibrous connective tissue that joins the bodies of the ulna and radius and provides a site of attachment for deep skeletal muscles of the forearm
107
What forms the proximal radioulnar joint?
The head of the radius articulating with the radial notch of the ulna
108
What forms the distal radioulnar joint?
The head of the ulna articulating with the ulnar notch of the radius
109
What forms the radiocarpal (wrist) joint?
The distal end of the radius articulating with two bones of the wrist
110
In the forearm, the longer ___ is on the medial side, and the shorter ___ is on the lateral side.
ulna; radius
111
is formed by two articulations: (1) the trochlear notch of the ulna with the trochlea of the humerus and (2) the head of the radius with the capitulum of the humerus.
elbow joint
112
The skeleton of the hand consists of the
proximal carpals, the intermediate metacarpals, and the distal phalanges.
113
What is the carpus (wrist)?
The proximal region of the hand that consists of eight small bones, the carpals, joined to one another by ligaments
114
What are the articulations among carpal bones called?
Intercarpal joints
115
How are the carpals arranged?
In two transverse rows of four bones each
116
What are the carpals in the proximal row, from lateral to medial?
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
117
What does the name scaphoid mean?
Boatlike
118
What does the name lunate mean?
Moon-shaped
119
What does the name triquetrum mean?
Three-cornered
120
What does the name pisiform mean?
Pea-shaped
121
Which two carpal bones in the proximal row articulate with the distal ends of the radius to form the radiocarpal (wrist) joint?
Lunate and scaphoid
122
What are the carpals in the distal row, from lateral to medial?
Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
123
What does the name trapezium mean?
Four-sided figure with no two sides parallel
124
What does the name trapezoid mean?
Four-sided figure with two sides parallel
125
What does the name capitate mean?
Head-shaped
126
What does the name hamate mean?
Hooked
127
What is the largest carpal bone?
Capitate
128
What does the rounded projection of the capitate (the head) articulate with?
The lunate
129
Why is the hamate named as such?
Because of a large hook-shaped projection on its anterior surface
130
What percentage of carpal fractures involve only the scaphoid?
About 70%
131
Why is the scaphoid most commonly broken?
Because the force of a fall on an outstretched hand is transmitted from the capitate through the scaphoid to the radius
132
What forms the anterior concave space of the carpal tunnel?
The pisiform and hamate (on the ulnar side) and the scaphoid and trapezium (on the radial side), with the rooflike covering of the flexor retinaculum
133
What is the flexor retinaculum?
Strong fibrous bands of connective tissue that form the roof of the carpal tunnel
134
What passes through the carpal tunnel?
The long flexor tendons of the digits and thumb and the median nerve
135
What is carpal tunnel syndrome?
A condition caused by the narrowing of the carpal tunnel due to factors such as inflammation
136
MNEMONIC for carpal bones:
Stop Letting Those People Touch The Cadaver's Hand. Proximal row (Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform). Distal row (Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate)
137
What is a boxer’s fracture?
A fracture of the fifth metacarpal, usually near the head of the bone
138
When does a boxer’s fracture frequently occur?
After a person punches another person or an object, such as a wall
139
What are the characteristics of a boxer’s fracture?
Pain, swelling, and tenderness
140
What may also be present with a boxer’s fracture?
A bump on the side of the hand
141
What are the treatment options for a boxer’s fracture?
Casting or surgery
142
How long does it usually take for a boxer’s fracture to heal?
About 6 weeks
143
What is the metacarpus?
The intermediate region of the hand
144
How many bones does the metacarpus consist of?
Five bones called metacarpals
145
What are the three parts of each metacarpal bone?
A proximal base, an intermediate body, and a distal head
146
How are the metacarpal bones numbered?
1–5, starting with the thumb, from lateral to medial
147
With what do the bases of the metacarpals articulate?
The distal row of carpal bones to form the carpometacarpal joints
148
With what do the heads of the metacarpals articulate?
The proximal phalanges to form the metacarpophalangeal joints
149
What are the heads of the metacarpals commonly called?
"Knuckles"
150
When are the knuckles readily visible?
In a clenched fist
151
What are the phalanges?
The bones of the digits that make up the distal part of the hand
152
How many phalanges are there in each hand?
14 phalanges
153
How are the digits numbered?
1–5, beginning with the thumb, from lateral to medial
154
What is a single bone of a digit called?
A phalanx
155
What are the three parts of each phalanx?
A proximal base, an intermediate body, and a distal head
156
How many phalanges does the thumb (pollex) have?
Two phalanges
157
What are the names of the thumb's phalanges?
Proximal and distal phalanges
158
How many phalanges do the other four digits have?
Three phalanges
159
What are the names of the phalanges in the other four digits?
Proximal, middle, and distal phalanges
160
What are the four digits (excluding the thumb) commonly called?
Index finger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger
161
With what do the proximal phalanges of all digits articulate?
The metacarpal bones
162
With what do the middle phalanges of fingers (2–5) articulate?
Their distal phalanges
163
With what does the proximal phalanx of the thumb articulate?
Its distal phalanx
164
What are the joints between phalanges called?
Interphalangeal joints
165
unite anteriorly at the pubic symphysis and posteriorly at the sacrum to form the bony pelvis.
hip bones
166
What does the pelvic (hip) girdle consist of?
The two hip bones, also called coxal or pelvic bones
167
What are the hip bones also called?
Coxal or pelvic bones
168
Where do the hip bones unite anteriorly?
At a joint called the pubic symphysis
169
Where do the hip bones unite posteriorly?
With the sacrum at the sacroiliac joints
170
What does the complete ring formed by the hip bones, pubic symphysis, sacrum, and coccyx form?
A deep, basinlike structure called the bony pelvis
171
What is the plural of bony pelvis?
Pelves or pelvises
172
What is the function of the bony pelvis?
To provide a strong and stable support for the vertebral column and pelvic and lower abdominal organs
173
What does the pelvic girdle of the bony pelvis connect?
The bones of the lower limbs to the axial skeleton
174
How many bones does each hip bone of a newborn consist of?
Three bones separated by cartilage
175
What are the three bones that make up each hip bone of a newborn?
A superior ilium, an inferior and anterior pubis, and an inferior and posterior ischium
176
By what age do the three separate bones of the hip bone fuse together?
By age 23
177
How do anatomists commonly discuss each hip bone?
As three separate bones
178
What is the ilium?
The largest of the three components of the hip bone
179
What are the two parts of the ilium?
A superior ala and an inferior body
180
What is the acetabulum?
The socket for the head of the femur
181
What is the superior border of the ilium?
The iliac crest
182
Where does the iliac crest end anteriorly?
In a blunt anterior superior iliac spine
183
What is hip pointer?
Bruising of the anterior superior iliac spine and associated soft tissues
184
What is located below the anterior superior iliac spine?
The anterior inferior iliac spine
185
Where does the iliac crest end posteriorly?
In a sharp posterior superior iliac spine
186
What is located below the posterior superior iliac spine?
The posterior inferior iliac spine
187
What is the function of the spines of the ilium?
They serve as points of attachment for the tendons of the muscles of the trunk, hip, and thighs
188
What is located below the posterior inferior iliac spine?
The greater sciatic notch
189
What passes through the greater sciatic notch?
The sciatic nerve, along with other nerves, blood vessels, and muscles
190
What is the iliac fossa?
A concavity where the iliacus muscle attaches
191
What is posterior to the iliac fossa?
The iliac tuberosity
192
What is the function of the iliac tuberosity?
It is a point of attachment for the sacroiliac ligament
193
What is the auricular surface?
The ear-shaped surface that articulates with the sacrum to form the sacroiliac joint
194
What is the arcuate line?
A ridge that projects anteriorly and inferiorly from the auricular surface
195
What are the three arched lines on the lateral surface of the ilium?
The posterior gluteal line, the anterior gluteal line, and the inferior gluteal line
196
What is the function of the gluteal lines?
The gluteal muscles attach to the ilium between these lines
197
is the socket for the head of the femur, where the three parts of the hip bone converge and ossify.
acetabulum
198
What is the ischium?
The inferior, posterior portion of the hip bone
199
What are the two parts of the ischium?
A superior body and an inferior ramus
200
What is the ramus of the ischium?
The portion of the ischium that fuses with the pubis
201
What are the features of the ischium?
The ischial spine, lesser sciatic notch, and ischial tuberosity
202
What is the ischial spine?
A prominent projection on the ischium
203
What is located below the ischial spine?
The lesser sciatic notch
204
What is the ischial tuberosity?
A rough and thickened area of the ischium
205
Why does the ischial tuberosity cause discomfort when sitting?
Because it is just deep to the skin, it commonly begins hurting after sitting on a hard surface for a relatively short time
206
What structure do the ramus and pubis surround?
The obturator foramen
207
What is the obturator foramen?
The largest foramen in the skeleton
208
Why is the obturator foramen named that way?
Because, even though blood vessels and nerves pass through it, it is nearly completely closed by a fibrous sheath, the obturator membrane
209
What is the pubis?
The anterior and inferior part of the hip bone
210
What are the three parts that make up the pubis?
A superior ramus, an inferior ramus, and a body between the rami
211
What is the pubic crest?
The anterior, superior border of the body of the pubis
212
What is located at the lateral end of the pubic crest?
A projection called the pecten pubis
213
What is the pectineal line?
A raised line that extends superiorly and laterally along the superior ramus to merge with the arcuate line of the ilium
214
Why are the pectineal line and arcuate line important?
They are important landmarks for distinguishing the superior (greater) and inferior (lesser) portions of the bony pelvis
215
What is the pubic symphysis?
The joint between the two pubes of the hip bones
216
What does the pubic symphysis consist of?
A disc of fibrous cartilage
217
What structure is formed by the convergence of the inferior rami of the two pubic bones?
The pubic arch
218
How does relaxin affect the pubic symphysis?
It increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis to ease delivery of the baby
219
What effect does weakening of the pubic symphysis have during pregnancy?
It changes the mother’s gait due to an already altered center of gravity caused by an enlarged uterus
220
What is the acetabulum?
A deep fossa formed by the ilium, ischium, and pubis
221
What is the function of the acetabulum?
It functions as the socket that accepts the rounded head of the femur
222
What forms the hip joint?
The acetabulum and the femoral head
223
What is the acetabular notch?
A deep indentation on the inferior side of the acetabulum
224
What are the functions of the acetabular notch?
It forms a foramen through which blood vessels and nerves pass and serves as a point of attachment for ligaments of the femur
225
The lesser and greater pelves are separated by the
pelvic inlet
226
What divides the bony pelvis into superior and inferior portions?
The pelvic inlet
227
What is the function of the pelvic inlet?
It forms the opening into the pelvic cavity from the abdomen
228
How can you trace the pelvic inlet?
By following the landmarks around parts of the hip bones to form the outline of an oblique plane
229
Where does the tracing of the pelvic inlet begin?
At the sacral promontory of the sacrum
230
After the sacral promontory, where do you trace next?
Laterally and inferiorly along the arcuate lines of the ilium
231
Where do you continue tracing after the arcuate lines of the ilium?
Inferiorly along the pecten pubis of the pubis
232
Where do you continue tracing after the pecten pubis?
Anteriorly along the pubic crest to the superior portion of the pubic symphysis
233
What does the circumference of the pelvic inlet form?
An oblique plane that is higher in the back than in the front
234
What is the portion of the bony pelvis superior to the pelvic inlet called?
The greater (false) pelvis
235
What are the borders of the greater (false) pelvis?
The lumbar vertebrae posteriorly, the upper portions of the ilium laterally, and the abdominal wall anteriorly
236
What does the greater pelvis contain in both genders?
The superior portion of the urinary bladder (when full) and the lower intestines
237
What does the greater pelvis contain in females?
The uterus, ovaries, and uterine tubes
238
What is the portion of the bony pelvis inferior to the pelvic inlet called?
The lesser (true) pelvis
239
What are the components of the lesser pelvis?
An inlet, an outlet, and a cavity
240
What are the borders of the lesser pelvis?
The sacrum and coccyx posteriorly, the inferior portions of the ilium and ischium laterally, and the pubic bones anteriorly
241
What does the lesser pelvis surround?
The pelvic cavity
242
What does the lesser pelvis contain in both genders?
The rectum and urinary bladder
243
What does the lesser pelvis contain in females?
The vagina and cervix of the uterus
244
What does the lesser pelvis contain in males?
The prostate and seminal glands
245
What is the superior opening of the lesser pelvis called?
The pelvic brim
246
What is the inferior opening of the lesser pelvis called?
The pelvic outlet
247
What covers the pelvic outlet?
The muscle at the floor of the pelvis
248
What is the pelvic axis?
An imaginary line that curves through the lesser pelvis from the central point of the plane of the pelvic inlet to the central point of the plane of the pelvic outlet
249
What is the function of the pelvic axis during childbirth?
It is the route taken by the baby’s head as it descends through the pelvis
250
What is pelvimetry?
The measurement of the size of the inlet and outlet of the birth canal
251
How can pelvimetry be done?
By ultrasonography or physical examination
252
Why is the measurement of the pelvic cavity in pregnant females important?
Because the fetus must pass through the narrower opening of the pelvis at birth
253
What is usually planned if it is determined that the pelvic cavity is too small to permit passage of the baby?
A cesarean section
254
Generally, how do the bones of males compare to those of females of comparable age and physical stature?
They are larger and heavier and possess larger surface markings.
255
When comparing the adult female and male pelves, what are readily apparent?
Sex-related differences in the features of bones.
256
Most of the structural differences in the pelves are adaptations to what?
The requirements of pregnancy and childbirth.
257
How does the female’s pelvis compare to the male’s?
It is wider and shallower.
258
Why is there more space in the lesser pelvis of the female?
To accommodate the passage of the infant’s head at birth.
259
How many bones does each lower limb (lower extremity) have?
30 bones
260
What are the four locations of the lower limb bones?
(1) The femur in the thigh, (2) the patella (kneecap), (3) the tibia and fibula in the leg, and (4) the 7 tarsals in the tarsus (ankle), the 5 metatarsals in the metatarsus, and the 14 phalanges (bones of the digits) in the foot.
