L1: Intro_T Flashcards
Descriptions of any region or part of the human body assume that it is in a standard position of reference called the
Anatomical Position
COMPLETE THE SENTENCE. In the anatomical position, the subject stands erect facing the ___, with the head level and the eyes facing directly ___. The ___ are parallel and the feet are ___ on the floor and directed forward, and the upper limbs are at the ___ with the ___ turned forward.
observer; forward; lower limbs; flat; sides; palms
What are the two terms that describe a reclining body?
Prone and Supine position
If the body is lying facedown, it is in the ___
Prone Position
If the body is lying faceup, it is in the ___
Supine Position
The principal regions are the ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___
head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, and lower limbs
[REGIONAL NAMES] consists of the bones and associated soft tissues such as the skin, muscles, and nervous system structures.
Head
The head is composed of two bones. The bones of the skull are the ___ that enclose and protect the brain and the ___ that form the front portion of the head and includes the eyes, nose, mouth, forehead, cheeks, and chin.
cranial cavity bones; facial bones
[REGIONAL NAMES] supports the head and attaches it to the trunk.
Neck
[REGIONAL NAMES] consists of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis.
Trunk
[REGIONAL NAMES] Each ___ attaches to the trunk and consists of the shoulder, armpit, arm, forearm, wrist, and hand.
Upper limb
[REGIONAL NAMES] Each ___ also attaches to the trunk and consists of the buttock, thigh, leg, ankle, and foot.
Lower limb
The ___ is the area on the front surface of the body marked by a crease on each side, where the trunk attaches to the thighs.
groin
words that describe the position of one body part relative to another
Directional Terms
The nose is ____ to your mouth.
superior
[DT] Toward the head, or the upper part of a structure. Not used in reference to relative positions within the limbs.
Superior (cephalic or cranial)
The heart is ___ to the liver.
superior
[DT] Away from the head, or the lower part of a structure. Not used in reference to relative positions within the limbs.
Inferior (caudal)
The stomach is ___ to the lungs.
inferior
[DT] Nearer to or at the front of the body.
Anterior (ventral)
The sternum (breastbone) is ___ to the heart.
anterior
[DT] Nearer to or at the back of the body.
Posterior (dorsal)
The esophagus (food tube) is ___ to the trachea (windpipe).
posterior
[DT] Nearer to the midline (an imaginary longitudinal line that divides the body externally into equal right and left sides).
Medial
The ulna is ___ to the radius.
medial
[DT] Farther from the midline.
Lateral
The lungs are ___ to the heart.
lateral
[DT] Between two structures.
Intermediate
The transverse colon is ___ to the ascending and descending colons.
intermediate
[DT] On the same side of the body as another structure.
Ipsilateral
The gallbladder and ascending colon are ___.
ipsilateral
[DT] On the opposite side of the body from another structure.
Contralateral
The ascending and descending colons are ___.
contralateral
[DT] Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure.
Proximal
The humerus (arm bone) is ___ to the radius.
proximal
[DT] Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure.
Distal
The phalanges (finger bones) are ___ to the carpals (wrist bones).
distal
[DT] Toward or on the surface of the body.
Superficial (External)
The ribs are ___ to the lungs.
superficial
[DT] Away from the surface of the body.
Deep (Internal)
The ribs are ___ to the skin of the chest and back.
deep
In four-legged animals ___ refers to the belly side and is therefore ___.
ventral; inferior
Similarly, in four-legged animals ___ refers to the back side and is therefore ___.
dorsal; superior
Imaginary flat surfaces that pass through body parts
Planes
is a longitudinal plane that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides.
Sagittal Plane
Latin word that means arrow
sagitt
When such a plane passes through the midline of the body or an organ and divides it into equal right and left sides, it is called a
Median Plane or Midsagittal Plane
is an imaginary longitudinal line that divides the body into equal left and right sides.
Midline
If the sagittal plane does not pass through the midline but instead divides the body or an organ into unequal right and left sides, it is called a
Paramedian Plane or Pasagittal Plane
A prefix that means near
para
is also a longitudinal plane but it divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
Coronal Plane or Frontal Plane
Latin word that means crown
corona
is a horizontal plane that divides the body or an organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions.
Transverse Plane or Cross-sectional or Horizontal Plane
TRUE or FALSE. Median, paramedian, coronal, and transverse planes are all at perpendicular angles to one another.
FALSE (right)
A plane that passes through the body or an organ at an oblique angle (any angle other than a 90-degree angle).
Oblique Plane
is a cut of the body or one of its organs made along one of the planes just described.
Section
are spaces that enclose internal organs. They are named on the basis of the bones that surround them or the organs contained with them.
Body cavities
The cranial cavity bones form a hollow space of the head called the ___, which contains the brain.
cranial cavity
The bones of the vertebral column (backbone) form the ___, which contains the spinal cord.
vertebral (spinal) canal
Three layers of protective tissue, the ___, and a shock-absorbing fluid (cerebrospinal fluid) surround the brain and spinal cord.
meninges
The major body cavities of the trunk are the ___ and ___ cavities.
thoracic; abdominopelvic
This cavity is formed by the ribs, the muscles of the chest, the sternum (breastbone), and the thoracic portion of the vertebral column.
thoracic cavity or chest cavity
Greek word that means chest
thorac-
Within the thoracic cavity are the ___, a fluid-filled space that surrounds the heart, and two fluid-filled spaces called ___, one around each lung.
pericardial cavity; pleural cavity
Greek word that means around
peri-
Greek word that means heart
-cardial
Greek word that means rib or side
pleur-
The central part of the thoracic cavity is an anatomical region called the ___. It is between the lungs, extending from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm. It also contains all the thoracic organs except the lungs themselves.
mediastinum
Latin word that means middle
media-
Latin word that means partition
-stinum
Among the structures in the ___ are the heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus, and several large blood vessels that enter and exit the heart.
mediastinum
is a dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.
diaphragm
Greek word that means partition or wall
DĪ-a-fram
extends from the diaphragm to the groin and is encircled by the abdominal muscular wall and the bones and muscles of the pelvis. As the name suggests,it is divided into two portions, even though no wall separates them.
abdominopelvic cavity
The superior portion of this cavity contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine.
abdominal cavity
Latin word that means belly
abdomin-
The inferior portion of this cavity contains the urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and most of the internal organs of the genital systems.
pelvic cavity
Latin word that means basin
pelv-
Organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are called
viscera
is a thin, pliable tissue that covers, lines, partitions, or connects structures.
Membrane
One example of a membrane is a slippery, double- layered membrane associated with body cavities that does not open directly to the exterior called a ___. It covers the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities and also lines the walls of the thorax and abdomen.
serous membrane
Two parts of a serous membrane.
Parietal layer and visceral layer
Part of a serous membrane that is a thin epithelium that lines the walls of the cavities
Parietal layer
Part of a serous membrane that is a thin epithelium that covers and adheres to the viscera within the cavities.
Visceral layer
Between the 2 layers of the serous membrane is a potential space that contains a small amount of lubricating fluid called the ___. The fluid allows the viscera to slide somewhat during movements, such as when the lungs inflate and deflate during breathing.
serous fluid
The serous membrane of the pleural cavities is called the
pleura
The serous membrane of the pleural cavities that clings to the surface of the lungs is called the
visceral pleura
The serous membrane of the pleural cavities that lines the chest wall, covering the superior surface of the diaphragm
parietal pleura
In between the parietal and visceral pleura is a cavity called ___ filled with a small amount of lubricating serous fluid
pleural cavity
The serous membrane of the pericardial cavity is the
pericardium
The serous membrane of the pericardial cavity that covers the surface of the heart is the called
visceral pericardium
The serous membrane of the pericardial cavity that lines the chest wall
parietal pericardium
In between the parietal and visceral pericardium is a cavity called ___ filled with a small amount of lubricating serous fluid
pericardial cavity
is the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity.
Peritoneum
The serous membrane of the peritoneum that covers the abdominal viscera is called the
visceral peritoneum
The serous membrane of the peritoneum that lines the abdominal wall, covering the inferior surface of the diaphragm is called the
parietal peritoneum
In between the parietal and visceral peritoneum is a cavity called ___ filled with a small amount of lubricating serous fluid
peritoneal cavity
TRUE or FALSE. Most abdominal organs are not surrounded by the peritoneum; instead they are posterior to it and are said to be retroperitoneal.
FALSE (Some)
A prefix that means behind
retro-
The kidneys, suprarenal glands, pancreas, duodenum of the small intestine, ascending and descending colons of the large intestine, and portions of the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava are ___
retroperitoneal
A body cavity which contains the tongue and teeth
oral (mouth) cavity
A body cavity in the nose
nasal cavity
A body cavity which contains the eyeballs
orbital cavities (orbits)
A body cavity which contains small bones and muscles in the inner ear
tympanic cavities
A body cavity which are found in freely movable joints and contain synovial fluid
synovial cavities
Formed by cranial bones and contains brain.
Cranial cavity
Formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves.
Vertebral canal
Chest cavity; contains pleural and pericardial cavities and the mediastinum.
Thoracic cavity
A potential space between the layers of the pleura that surrounds a lung.
Pleural cavity
A potential space between the layers of the pericardium that surrounds the heart.
Pericardial cavity
Central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs; extends from sternum to vertebral column and from first rib to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels.
Mediastinum
Subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities.
Abdominopelvic cavity
Contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of large intestine; the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is the peritoneum.
Abdominal cavity
Contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction.
Pelvic cavity
contains three smaller cavities and the mediastinum.
Thoracic cavity
extends from the diaphragm to the groin
Abdominopelvic cavity
Two methods of dividing the abdominopelvic cavity into smaller areas used by anatomists and clinicians
Abdominopelvic regions and Abdominopelvic quadrants
In the abdominopelvic region, the superior horizontal line called ___ passes across the lowest level of the 10th costal cartilages
subcostal plane
Latin word that means below
sub
Latin word that means rib
costal
In the abdominopelvic region, the inferior horizontal line called ___ passes across the superior margins of the iliac crests of the right and left hip bone
transtubercular plane
In the abdominopelvic region, two vertical lines are drawn through the midpoints of the clavicles (collar bones), just medial to the nipples.
right and left midclavicular lines
The names of the nine abdominopelvic regions are
right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lateral, umbilical, left lateral, right inguinal or iliac, hypogastric (pubic), and left inguinal or iliac.
The second method is simpler and divides the abdominopelvic cavity into
quadrants
Latin word that menas one-fourth
quad-
In this method, a median plane and a transverse plane are passed through the
umbilicus or belly button
Greek word that means navel
umbilic-
The names of the abdominopelvic quadrants are
right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), and left lower quadrant (LLQ).
This method is more widely used for anatomical studies
Nine-region division/ nine-region designation
This method is more commonly used by clinicians for describing the site of abdominopelvic pain, a tumor, or another abnormality
quadrants/ quadrant designation
is a normal process characterized by a progressive decline in the body’s ability to restore homeostasis. It produces observable changes in structure and function and increases vulnerability to stress and disease
Aging
The changes associated with aging are apparent in all body systems such as wrinkled skin, ___, loss of bone mass, ___, diminished reflexes, ___, increased incidence of heart disease, ___, decreased lung capacity, ___, decreased kidney function, ___, and enlarged prostate.
gray hair, decreased muscle mass and strength, decreased production of some hormones, increased susceptibility to infections and cancer, less efficient functioning of the digestive system, menopause
refers to techniques and procedures used to create images of the human body.
Medical imaging
The grandparent of all medical imaging techniques is ___, in medical use since the late 1940s.
conventional radiography (x-rays)
A single barrage of x-rays passes through the body, producing an image of interior structures on x-ray–sensitive film. The resulting 2D image is a radiograph, commonly called an
Radiography
Relatively inexpensive, quick, and simple to perform; usually provides sufficient information for diagnosis. X-rays do not easily pass through dense structures, so bones appear white. Hollow structures, such as the lungs, appear black. Structures of intermediate density, such as skin, fat, and muscle, appear as varying shades of gray.
Radiography
At low doses, x-rays are useful for examining soft tissues such as the breast called ___ and for determining bone density called ___.
Mammography; bone densitometry or DEXA scan
It is necessary to use a substance called a ___ to make hollow or fluid-filled structures visible (appear white) in radiographs. X-rays make structures that contain contrast media appear white.
contrast medium
In what medical imaging technique can the medium may be introduced by injection, orally, or rectally, depending on the structure to be imaged.
Radiography
Contrast x-rays are used to image blood vessels called ____, the urinary system called ___, and the gastrointestinal tract called ___.
angiography; intravenous urography, barium contrast x-ray
The body is exposed to a high-energy magnetic field, which causes protons (small positive particles within atoms, such as hydrogen) in body fluids and tissues to arrange themselves in relation to the field. Then a pulse of radio waves “reads” these ion patterns, and a color-coded image is assembled on a video monitor. The result is a two- or three-dimensional blueprint of cellular chemistry.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
A medical imaging technique that is relatively safe but cannot be used on patients with metal in their bodies.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Shows fine details for soft tissues but not for bones. Most useful for differentiating between normal and abnormal tissues. Used to detect tumors and artery-clogging fatty plaques; reveal brain abnormalities; measure blood flow; and detect a variety of musculoskeletal, liver, and kidney disorders.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
formerly called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scanning
Computed Tomography (CT)
In this form of computer-assisted radiography, an x-ray beam traces an arc at multiple angles around a section of the body. The resulting transverse section of the body, called a ___, is shown on a video monitor.
CT scan
Visualizes soft tissues and organs with much more detail than conventional radiographs. Differing tissue densities show up as various shades of gray.
Computed Tomography (CT)
In this imaging technique, multiple scans can be assembled to build three-dimensional views of structures
Computed Tomography (CT)
typically targets the torso and appears to provide the most benefit in screening for lung cancers, coronary artery disease, and kidney cancers.
Computed Tomography (CT)
High-frequency sound waves produced by a handheld wand reflect off body tissues and are detected by the same instrument.
Ultrasound Scanning
The image of the ultrasound scanning, which may be still or moving, is called a ___and is shown on a video monitor.
sonogram
Imaging technique that is safe, noninvasive, painless, and uses no dyes.
Ultrasound Scanning
Most commonly used to visualize the fetus during pregnancy. Also used to observe the size, location, and actions of organs and blood flow through blood vessels (Doppler ultrasound).
Ultrasound Scanning
Medical imaging technique used to observe the blood flow through blood vessels is called
Doppler ultrasound
In this form of computer-assisted radiography, an iodine containing contrast medium is injected into a vein and a beta blocker is given to decrease heart rate. Then, numerous x-ray beams trace an arc around the heart and a scanner detects the x-ray beams and transmits them to a computer, which transforms the information into a three-dimensional image of the coronary blood vessels on a monitor. The image produced is called a ___ and can be generated in less than 20 seconds.
Coronary (Cardiac) Computed Tomography Angiography (CCTA) Scan
Used primarily to determine if there are any coronary artery blockages that may require an intervention such as angioplasty or stent.
Coronary (Cardiac) Computed Tomography Angiography (CCTA) Scan
The procedure can take thousands of images of the heart within the time of a single heartbeat, so it provides a great amount of detail about the heart’s structure and function.
Coronary (Cardiac) Computed Tomography Angiography (CCTA) Scan
A medical imaging technique that can be rotated, enlarged, and moved at any angle.
Coronary (Cardiac) Computed Tomography Angiography (CCTA) Scan
A substance that emits positrons (positively charged particles) is injected into the body, where it is taken up by tissues. The collision of positrons with negatively charged electrons in body tissues produces gamma rays (similar to x-rays) that are detected by gamma cameras positioned around the subject. A computer receives signals from the gamma cameras and constructs a ___ image, displayed in color on a video monitor.
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan
In the PET scan image shown here, the ___ and ___ colors indicate minimal activity; the red, orange, yellow, and white colors indicate areas of increasingly greater activity.
Black; blue
A medical imaging technique used to study the physiology of body structures, such as metabolism in the brain or heart.
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan
involves the visual examination of the inside of body organs or cavities using a lighted instrument with lenses called an endoscope. The image is viewed through an eyepiece on the endoscope or projected onto a monitor.
Endoscopy
An example of endoscopy that is used to examine the interior of the colon, which is part of the large intestine
colonoscopy
An example of endoscopy that is used to examine the organs within the abdominopelvic cavity
laparoscopy
An example of endoscopy that is used to examine the interior of a joint, usually the knee
arthroscopy
In radionuclide scanning, a ___ (radioactive substance) is introduced intravenously into the body and carried by the blood to the tissue to be imaged.
radionuclide
Gamma rays emitted by the radionuclide are detected by a gamma camera outside the subject, and the data are fed into a computer. The computer constructs a radionuclide image and displays it in color on a video monitor. Areas of intense color take up a lot of the radionuclide and represent high tissue activity; areas of less intense color take up smaller amounts of the radionuclide and represent low tissue activity.
Radionuclide Scanning
is a specialized type of radionuclide scanning that is especially useful for studying the brain, heart, lungs, and liver.
Single-photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT) scanning
Used to study activity of a tissue or organ, such as searching for malignant tumors in body tissue or scars that may interfere with heart muscle activity.
Radionuclide Scanning
The state of relative stability of the body’s internal environment
Homeostasis
Disruptions to homeostasis often set in motion corrective cycles, called ___, that help restore the conditions needed for health and life.
Feedback Systems
Two branches of science—___ and ___—provide the foundation for understanding the body’s parts and func tions.
anatomy; physiology
the science of body structures and the relationships among them.
Anatomy
Anatomy was first studied by ___, the careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships.
dissection
the science of body functions—how the body parts work.
Physiology
TRUE or FALSE. The structure of a part of the body often reflects its functions.
t
BRANCH OF ANATOMY; The growth and development of an individual from fertilization to death.
Developmental Biology
BRANCH OF ANATOMY; The growth and development of an individual from fertilization to deathThe first eight weeks of growth and development after fertilization of a human egg; the earliest stage of developmental biology..
Embryology
BRANCH OF ANATOMY; Cellular structure and functions.
Cell Biology
BRANCH OF ANATOMY; Microscopic structure of tissues.
Histology
BRANCH OF ANATOMY; Structures that can be examined without a microscope.
Gross Anatomy
BRANCH OF ANATOMY; Structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory systems.
Systemic Anatomy
BRANCH OF ANATOMY; Specific regions of the body such as the head or chest.
Regional Anatomy
BRANCH OF ANATOMY; Surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation (gentle touch).
Surface (topographical) Anatomy
BRANCH OF ANATOMY; Internalbody structures that can be visualized with techniques such as x-rays, MRI, CT scans, and other technologies for clinical analysis and medical intervention.
Imaging Anatomy
BRANCH OF ANATOMY; The application of anatomy to the practice of medicine, dentistry, and other health-related sciences, for example, to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of disease.
Clinical Anatomy
BRANCH OF ANATOMY; Structural changes (gross to microscopic) associated with disease.
Pathological Anatomy
BRANCH OF PHYSIOLOGY; Functions of individual molecules such as proteins and DNA.
Molecular Physiology
BRANCH OF PHYSIOLOGY; Functional properties of nerve cells.
Neurophysiology
BRANCH OF PHYSIOLOGY; Hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body functions.
Endocrinology
BRANCH OF PHYSIOLOGY; Functions of the heart and blood vessels.
Cardiovascular Physiology
BRANCH OF PHYSIOLOGY; The body’s defenses against disease-causing agents.
Immunology
BRANCH OF PHYSIOLOGY; Functions of the air passageways and lungs.
Respiratory Physiology
BRANCH OF PHYSIOLOGY; Functions of the Kidneys.
Renal Physiology
BRANCH OF PHYSIOLOGY; Changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity.
Exercise Physiology
BRANCH OF PHYSIOLOGY; Functional changes associated with disease and aging.
Pathophyisology
What are the 6 Levels of Structural Organization?
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, and organismal
This very basic level can be compared to the letters of the alphabet and includes atoms, the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions, and molecules, two or more atoms joined together.
Chemical Level
TRUE or FALSE. Certain atoms, such as carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and sulfur (S), are essential for maintaining life.
t
Two examples of chemical level found in the body are ___ and ___.
DNA; Glucose
Molecules combine to form cells, the basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals. Among the many kinds of cells in your body are muscle fibers (cells), nerve cells, and epithelial cells.
Cellular Level
Tissues are groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function
Tissue Level
What are the four basic types of tissues in your body?
Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, and nervous tissue
Type of tissue that covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and cavities, and forms glands.
Epithelial Tissue
Type of tissue that connects, supports, and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues.
Connective Tissue
Type of tissue that contracts to make body parts move and in the process generates heat.
Muscular Tissue
Type of tissue that carries information from one part of the body to another through nerve impulses.
Nervous Tissue
At this level, different types of tissues are joined together.
Organ Level
are structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes.
Organs
The stomach’s outer covering is a layer of ___ and ___ that reduces friction when the stomach moves and rubs against other organs.
Epithelial tissue; connective tissue
Underneath the epithelial and connective tissues of the stomach are three layers of a type of muscular tissue called ___, which contracts to churn and mix food and then push it into the next digestive organ, the small intestine.
smooth muscle tissue
The innermost lining is an ___ that produces fluid and chemicals responsible for digestion in the stomach.
epithelial tissue layer
A system consists of related organs with a common function.
System (Organ-system) Level
TRUE or FALSE. Sometimes an organ is part of more than one system. The pancreas, for example, is part of both the digestive system and the urinary system.
FALSE (endocrine system)
An organism (OR-ga-nizm),any living individual.
Organismal Level
Used to assess certain aspects of body structure and function that does not involve insertion of an instrument or device through the skin or a body opening.
noninvasive diagnostic technique
the examiner observes the body for any changes that deviate from normal. For example, a physician may examine the mouth cavity for evidence of disease
Inspection
the examiner feels body surfaces with the hands. An example is palpating the abdomen neck to detect enlarged or tender lymph nodes
Palpation
the examiner listens to body sounds to evaluate the functioning of certain organs, often using a stethoscope to amplify the sounds. An example is listening to the lungs during breathing to check for crackling sounds associated with abnormal fluid accumulation
Auscultation
the examiner taps on the body surface with the fingertips and listens to the resulting sound. Hollow cavities or spaces produce a different sound than solid organs. For example, it may reveal the abnormal presence of fluid in the lungs or air in the intestines. It may also provide information about the size, consistency, and position of an underlying structure
Percussion
BODY SYSTEMS. Participates in body movements, such as walking; maintains posture; and is the major source of heat production.
Muscular System
BODY SYSTEMS. Generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities; detects changes in body’s internal and external environments, interprets changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions.
Nervous System
BODY SYSTEMS. Protects body; helps regulate body temperature; eliminates some wastes; helps make vitamin D; detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold; stores fat and provides insulation.
Integumentary System
BODY SYSTEMS. Supports and protects body; provides surface area for muscle attachments; aids body movements; houses cells that produce blood cells; stores minerals and lipids (fats).
Skeletal System
BODY SYSTEMS. Regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical messengers transported in blood from endocrine gland or tissue to target organ).
Endocrine System
BODY SYSTEMS. Heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid–base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids; blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels.
Cadiovascular System
BODY SYSTEMS. Returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood; contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes.
Lymphatic System
BODY SYSTEMS. Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air; helps regulate acid base balance of body fluids; air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds.
Respiratory System
BODY SYSTEMS. Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid wastes.
Digestive System
BODY SYSTEMS. Produces, stores, and eliminates urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps maintain the acid–base balance of body fluids; maintains body’s mineral balance; helps regulate production of red blood cells.
Urinary System
BODY SYSTEMS. Gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism; gonads also release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes; associated organs transport and store gametes; mammary glands produce milk
Reproductive System
the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body.
Metabolism
condition of throwing down; the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components
catabolism
condition of raising up; building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components.
anabolism
the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes.
Responsiveness
Nerve cells respond by generating electrical signals known as ___.
nerve impulses (action potentials)
includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells.
Movement
an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both.
Growth
the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state.
Differentiation
precursor cells, which can divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation
Stem cells
refers either to (1) the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, or (2) the production of a new individual.
Reproduction
postmortem (after-death) examination of the body and dissection of its internal organs to confirm or determine the cause of death.
autopsy or necropsy
is the maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the body’s internal environment.
Homeostasis
The fluid within cells, also called cytosol
Intracellular fluid
The fluid outside body cells
Extracellular fluid
The ECF that fills the narrow spaces between cells of tissues is known as
Interstitial fluid
ECF within blood vessels
Blood plasma
ECF within lymphatic vessels
Lymph plasma
ECF in and around the brain and spinal cord
Cerebrospinal fluid
ECF in joints
Synovial fluid
ECF of the eyes is called
Aqueous humor and vitreous body
the smallest blood vessels of the body; are specialized to
allow the transfer of material between blood plasma and interstitial fluid.
Blood capillaries
may also occur due to psychological stresses in our social environment
Homeostatic imbalances
is a cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on
feedback system or feedback loop
Each monitored variable, such as body temperature, blood pressure, or blood glucose level, is termed a ____condition (____ variable).
Controlled
Any disruption that changes a controlled condition is called a
Stimulus
Three basic components of a feedback system
Receptor, Control Center, and Effector
body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center.
Receptor
The pathway where the information flows toward the control center.
Afferent pathway
sets the narrow range or set point within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it receives from receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed.
Control center
The pathway where the information flows away from the control center.
Efferent pathway
a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition
Effector
reverses a change in a controlled condition.
Negative Feedback System
strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions.
positive Feedback Systems
is any abnormality of structure or function.
Disorder
is a more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms.
Disease
disease that affects one part or a limited region of the body (for example, a sinus infection)
Local disease
disease that affects either the entire body or several parts of it
Systemic disease
A person with a disease may experience ____, subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer
Symptoms
Objective changes that a health care professional can observe or measure are called ___.
Signs
The science that deals with why, when, and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted among individuals in a community is known as
Epidemiology
is the science that deals with the effects and uses of drugs in the treatment of disease.
Pharmacology
is the science and skill of distinguishing one disorder or disease from another.
Diagnosis
