L4: Urinary tract pathology Flashcards
Upper urinary tract=
kidney
renal pelvis
ureter
lower urinary tract=
bladder
prostate
urethra
genitalia
how much of urine is water
95%
name 5 urinary tract symptoms
change in urine pain altered micturition incontinence sexual dysfunction
horseshoe kidney=
kidneys rotated lying lower than normal, with a bridge between 2 kidneys
with an absent kidney what happens to the other one
gets larger
renal duplication=
more than one kidney on each side
what is duplex ureters
single kidney drained by two ureters
weigert meyer rule for duplex ureters
the ureter from the upper-pole will always insert into the bladder more distally and medially
what happens to the relating kidney part of the upper duplex ureter
urine reflux into kidney so its baggy and hydronephrotic
what is bladder extrophy
bladder and cloaca haven’t fused properly so bladder is open and inside out
vesicoureteric reflux=
reflux of urine up ureters to kidneys if bladder has developed abnormally
what is a patent urachus
small communication between dome of bladder and umbilical cord
what are posterior urethral valves
in boys valve structure in urethra (requires high pressure to urinate against)
what can urethral valves lead to
renal failure
hypospadias=
urinary opening is not in the usual location
phimosis=
can’t retract foreskin
issue with undescended testes
temperature too high to produce sperm
BPH=
benign prostatic hyperplasia
what controls prostate growth
testosterone
what type of growth happens to the cells in the prostate
hyperplasia
LUTS of BPH (5)
- frequency
- urgency
- weak stream
- difficulty
- terminal dribbling
what 2 cells types grow in response to testosterone
epithelial cells
stromal cells
more powerful version of testosterone
dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
where is DHT produced
stromal cells
what receptors does DHT and testosterone target
androgen receptor
what is urethritis
triad of inflammations caused by virus
What is common in men which includes urethritis
Reiter’s syndrome (urethritis +arthritis + conjunctivitis)
commonest pathogen for UTI
E.coli
clinical triad of pyelonephritis
renal angle pain
fever
raised WCC
Epididymo orchitis causes (3)
gonorrhoea
Chlamydia
E.coli
atypical infections (2)
schistosomiasis
Urinary TB
3 causes of chemical cystitis
ketamine
BCG
Mitomycin
what is ureteral stricture
narrowing of lumen
4 risk factors for stones
male
dehydration
dietary components
genetic factors
most common stones
calcium stones
struvite stones=
magnesium ammonium phosphate
pathway of supersaturaiton of urine
nucleation–> aggregation–> growth
5 features of renal cell carcinoma
clear cell papillary chromophobe oncocytic collecting duct
biggest risk factor for renal cell carcinoma
smoking
3 cancers of the LUT
transitional cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
adenocarcinoma
3 risk factors for cancer of the LUT
smoking
arylamine dyes
chronic irritation
most superficial stage of bladder cancer=
Tis
7 stages of bladder cancer
Tis Ta T1 T2 T3a T3b T4
what type of cancer is prostate cancer
adenocarcinoma
commonest cancer in men=
prostate cancer
2 types of testicular cancer
seminomas
non-seminomas
4 non-seminomas testicular cancer
teratoma
embryonal carcinoma
choriocarcinoma ‘
yolk sac tumours
prognosis for testicular cancer
good 98% 10 year survival
types of cancer of penile cancer
squamous cell carcinoma
risk factors for penile cancer (3)
- HPV
- Smoking
- poor hygiene
