L4: Urinary tract pathology

Question 1

Upper urinary tract=

Answer 1

kidney
renal pelvis
ureter

Question 2

lower urinary tract=

Answer 2

bladder
prostate
urethra
genitalia

Question 3

how much of urine is water

Answer 3

95%

Question 4

name 5 urinary tract symptoms

Answer 4

change in urine 
pain 
altered micturition 
incontinence 
sexual dysfunction

Question 5

horseshoe kidney=

Answer 5

kidneys rotated lying lower than normal, with a bridge between 2 kidneys

Question 6

with an absent kidney what happens to the other one

Answer 6

gets larger

Question 7

renal duplication=

Answer 7

more than one kidney on each side

Question 8

what is duplex ureters

Answer 8

single kidney drained by two ureters

Question 9

weigert meyer rule for duplex ureters

Answer 9

the ureter from the upper-pole will always insert into the bladder more distally and medially

Question 10

what happens to the relating kidney part of the upper duplex ureter

Answer 10

urine reflux into kidney so its baggy and hydronephrotic

Question 11

what is bladder extrophy

Answer 11

bladder and cloaca haven’t fused properly so bladder is open and inside out

Question 12

vesicoureteric reflux=

Answer 12

reflux of urine up ureters to kidneys if bladder has developed abnormally

Question 13

what is a patent urachus

Answer 13

small communication between dome of bladder and umbilical cord

Question 14

what are posterior urethral valves

Answer 14

in boys valve structure in urethra (requires high pressure to urinate against)

Question 15

what can urethral valves lead to

Answer 15

renal failure

Question 16

hypospadias=

Answer 16

urinary opening is not in the usual location

Question 17

phimosis=

Answer 17

can’t retract foreskin

Question 18

issue with undescended testes

Answer 18

temperature too high to produce sperm

Question 19

BPH=

Answer 19

benign prostatic hyperplasia

Question 20

what controls prostate growth

Answer 20

testosterone

Question 21

what type of growth happens to the cells in the prostate

Answer 21

hyperplasia

Question 22

LUTS of BPH (5)

Answer 22

• frequency
• urgency
• weak stream
• difficulty
• terminal dribbling

Question 23

what 2 cells types grow in response to testosterone

Answer 23

epithelial cells

stromal cells

Question 24

more powerful version of testosterone

Answer 24

dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

Question 25

where is DHT produced

Answer 25

stromal cells

Question 26

what receptors does DHT and testosterone target

Answer 26

androgen receptor

Question 27

what is urethritis

Answer 27

triad of inflammations caused by virus

Question 28

What is common in men which includes urethritis

Answer 28

Reiter's syndrome (urethritis +arthritis + conjunctivitis)

Question 29

commonest pathogen for UTI

Answer 29

E.coli

Question 30

clinical triad of pyelonephritis

Answer 30

renal angle pain fever raised WCC

Question 31

Epididymo orchitis causes (3)

Answer 31

gonorrhoea Chlamydia E.coli

Question 32

atypical infections (2)

Answer 32

schistosomiasis | Urinary TB

Question 33

3 causes of chemical cystitis

Answer 33

ketamine BCG Mitomycin

Question 34

what is ureteral stricture

Answer 34

narrowing of lumen

Question 35

4 risk factors for stones

Answer 35

male dehydration dietary components genetic factors

Question 36

most common stones

Answer 36

calcium stones

Question 37

struvite stones=

Answer 37

magnesium ammonium phosphate

Question 38

pathway of supersaturaiton of urine

Answer 38

nucleation--> aggregation--> growth

Question 39

5 features of renal cell carcinoma

Answer 39

``` clear cell papillary chromophobe oncocytic collecting duct ```

Question 40

biggest risk factor for renal cell carcinoma

Answer 40

smoking

Question 41

3 cancers of the LUT

Answer 41

transitional cell carcinoma squamous cell carcinoma adenocarcinoma

Question 42

3 risk factors for cancer of the LUT

Answer 42

smoking arylamine dyes chronic irritation

Question 43

most superficial stage of bladder cancer=

Answer 43

Tis

Question 44

7 stages of bladder cancer

Answer 44

``` Tis Ta T1 T2 T3a T3b T4 ```

Question 45

what type of cancer is prostate cancer

Answer 45

adenocarcinoma

Question 46

commonest cancer in men=

Answer 46

prostate cancer

Question 47

2 types of testicular cancer

Answer 47

seminomas | non-seminomas

Question 48

4 non-seminomas testicular cancer

Answer 48

teratoma embryonal carcinoma choriocarcinoma ' yolk sac tumours

Question 49

prognosis for testicular cancer

Answer 49

good 98% 10 year survival

Question 50

types of cancer of penile cancer

Answer 50

squamous cell carcinoma

Question 51

risk factors for penile cancer (3)

Answer 51

- HPV - Smoking - poor hygiene