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Block 10 Ellen > L4: Urinary tract pathology > Flashcards

L4: Urinary tract pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Upper urinary tract=

A

kidney
renal pelvis
ureter

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2
Q

lower urinary tract=

A

bladder
prostate
urethra
genitalia

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3
Q

how much of urine is water

A

95%

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4
Q

name 5 urinary tract symptoms

A 
change in urine 
pain 
altered micturition 
incontinence 
sexual dysfunction
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5
Q

horseshoe kidney=

A

kidneys rotated lying lower than normal, with a bridge between 2 kidneys

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6
Q

with an absent kidney what happens to the other one

A

gets larger

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7
Q

renal duplication=

A

more than one kidney on each side

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8
Q

what is duplex ureters

A

single kidney drained by two ureters

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9
Q

weigert meyer rule for duplex ureters

A

the ureter from the upper-pole will always insert into the bladder more distally and medially

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10
Q

what happens to the relating kidney part of the upper duplex ureter

A

urine reflux into kidney so its baggy and hydronephrotic

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11
Q

what is bladder extrophy

A

bladder and cloaca haven’t fused properly so bladder is open and inside out

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12
Q

vesicoureteric reflux=

A

reflux of urine up ureters to kidneys if bladder has developed abnormally

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13
Q

what is a patent urachus

A

small communication between dome of bladder and umbilical cord

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14
Q

what are posterior urethral valves

A

in boys valve structure in urethra (requires high pressure to urinate against)

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15
Q

what can urethral valves lead to

A

renal failure

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16
Q

hypospadias=

A

urinary opening is not in the usual location

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17
Q

phimosis=

A

can’t retract foreskin

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18
Q

issue with undescended testes

A

temperature too high to produce sperm

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19
Q

BPH=

A

benign prostatic hyperplasia

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20
Q

what controls prostate growth

A

testosterone

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21
Q

what type of growth happens to the cells in the prostate

A

hyperplasia

22
Q

LUTS of BPH (5)

A
  • frequency
  • urgency
  • weak stream
  • difficulty
  • terminal dribbling
23
Q

what 2 cells types grow in response to testosterone

A

epithelial cells

stromal cells

24
Q

more powerful version of testosterone

A

dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

25
Q

where is DHT produced

A

stromal cells

26
Q

what receptors does DHT and testosterone target

A

androgen receptor

27
Q

what is urethritis

A

triad of inflammations caused by virus

28
Q

What is common in men which includes urethritis

A

Reiter’s syndrome (urethritis +arthritis + conjunctivitis)

29
Q

commonest pathogen for UTI

A

E.coli

30
Q

clinical triad of pyelonephritis

A

renal angle pain
fever
raised WCC

31
Q

Epididymo orchitis causes (3)

A

gonorrhoea
Chlamydia
E.coli

32
Q

atypical infections (2)

A

schistosomiasis

Urinary TB

33
Q

3 causes of chemical cystitis

A

ketamine
BCG
Mitomycin

34
Q

what is ureteral stricture

A

narrowing of lumen

35
Q

4 risk factors for stones

A

male
dehydration
dietary components
genetic factors

36
Q

most common stones

A

calcium stones

37
Q

struvite stones=

A

magnesium ammonium phosphate

38
Q

pathway of supersaturaiton of urine

A

nucleation–> aggregation–> growth

39
Q

5 features of renal cell carcinoma

A 
clear cell 
papillary 
chromophobe 
oncocytic 
collecting duct
40
Q

biggest risk factor for renal cell carcinoma

A

smoking

41
Q

3 cancers of the LUT

A

transitional cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
adenocarcinoma

42
Q

3 risk factors for cancer of the LUT

A

smoking
arylamine dyes
chronic irritation

43
Q

most superficial stage of bladder cancer=

A

Tis

44
Q

7 stages of bladder cancer

A 
Tis 
Ta 
T1
T2 
T3a 
T3b
T4
45
Q

what type of cancer is prostate cancer

A

adenocarcinoma

46
Q

commonest cancer in men=

A

prostate cancer

47
Q

2 types of testicular cancer

A

seminomas

non-seminomas

48
Q

4 non-seminomas testicular cancer

A

teratoma
embryonal carcinoma
choriocarcinoma ‘
yolk sac tumours

49
Q

prognosis for testicular cancer

A

good 98% 10 year survival

50
Q

types of cancer of penile cancer

A

squamous cell carcinoma

51
Q

risk factors for penile cancer (3)

A
  • HPV
  • Smoking
  • poor hygiene

Block 10 Ellen (9 decks)

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