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Block 10 Ellen > L3:tubular structure and function > Flashcards

L3:tubular structure and function Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

2 routes of transport for fluid moving from the tubule to the interstitial space

A
  • paracellular route

- transcellular route

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2
Q

paracellular route=

A

between tight junctions, through lateral intercellular folds

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3
Q

transcelluler route=

A

across apical, basolateral and translateral surfaces

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4
Q

3 methods of transcellular transportation

A
  • primary active transport
  • secondary active transport
  • ion channels
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5
Q

what is present on the apical membrane of cells to increase absorption

A

microvilli

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6
Q

how much reabsorption happens in the PCT

A

2/3rd of nearly all filtrate

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7
Q

how much glucose is reabsorbed in the PCT

A

100%

no glucose in urine

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8
Q

what happens to glucose handling in diabetes mellitus

A

plasma glucose exceeds tubular maximum so glucosuria

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9
Q

what is diabetes insipidus

A

problem with releasing ADH from pituitary gland, loss of salt and water

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10
Q

what glucose transporter is on the apical membrane in early PCT

A

SGLT2

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11
Q

what is SGLT2 affinity/capacity for glucose

A

high capacity

low affinity

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12
Q

what glucose transporter is on the basolateral surface in the early PCT

A

GLUT-2

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13
Q

apical glucose transporter in late PCT

A

SGTL-1

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14
Q

basolateral glucose transporter in late PCT

A

GLUT-1

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15
Q

SGLT-1 affinity/capacity for glucose

A

low capacity

high affinity

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16
Q

at what point is glucose excreted into filtrate not reabsorbed

A

when levels pass the tubular transport maximum

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17
Q

what effect does glycosuria have on urination

A 
polyria 
and polydipsia (thirst)
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18
Q

how are AA reabsorbed

A

98% via transcellular route in PCT

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19
Q

how are AA filtered in the glomerulus

A

freely filtered

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20
Q

were are small peptides reabsorbed

A

all reabsorbed in PCT

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21
Q

how are small peptides reabsorbed

A

hydrolysed by brush border peptidases on apical membrane and reabsorbed as AA

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22
Q

what percentage of proteins enter the filtrate

A

1%

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23
Q

how are proteins reabsorbed

A

protein is endocytosed at apical membrane by peptide transporters

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24
Q

the peptide transporters for protein reabsorption

A

PepT1

PepT2

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25
PepT1 capacity/ affinity=
high capacity | low affinity
26
PepT2 capacity/affinity
low capacity | high affinity
27
what happens to proteins in endosome
lysozymes join and hydrolyse protein into AA
28
2 secretions of the PCT
organic anions | organic cations
29
2 organic cations
creatinine | drugs
30
3 drug cations secreted in PCT
trimethoprim cimetidine quinidine
31
symporter=
substances go in same direction
32
antiporter=
substances go in opposite direction
33
amount of Na reabsorbed in PCT
70%
34
what percentage of Na+ is secreted per day
0.4%
35
main route of Na+ reabsorption
transcellular route
36
what pump drives Na+ into the interstitial space
Na-K-ATPase
37
how is Cl- reabsorbed
paracellularly driven by electrical gradient created by Na+ reabsorption
38
osmolarity of fluid in beginning of loop of henle
isotonic with plasma
39
as fluid descends down loop of henle what is the fluid movement
water moves out into interstitium
40
what happens to osmolarity of fluid in loop of henle as you move down
becomes hypertonic (osmolarity increases)
41
what substance movement happens in the ascending loop
Na/K/Cl actively pumps ion out of fluid into interstitium
42
osmolarity of fluid in ascending loop=
hypotonic
43
osmolarity of fluid in DCT
hypotonic
44
what pumps do loop diuretics effect
Na/Cl/K co-transporter decreasing ion transport moving into blood
45
e.g of loop diuretic
furosemide
46
in DCT what channels does Na move through on apical membrane
ENaC epithelial sodium channel
47
where do thiazides act
DCT
48
what pump do thiazides work on
Na/Cl/K
49
2 types of collecting ducts
cortical | medullary
50
what happens in principal cells of cortical
sodium reabsorption via ENaC on apical and potassium channels
51
what drug blocks ENaC
amiloride
52
2 Na+ retaining factors
- renin - sympathetic nervous system - vasopressin
53
Na+ losing factor
-atrial natriuretic peptid
54
what causes an increase in atrial natriuretic peptide release
increase in blood pressure
55
atrial natriuretic peptide effect=
inhibits reabsorption of sodium --> decreasing Bp
56
3 things that act on arterioles to lose Na+
- Dopamine - Bradykinin - prostaglandins
57
main site of Cl reabsorption
PCT -65%
58
% of Cl reabsorbed in TAL
25%
59
main site of magnesium reabsorption
thick ascending loop
60
how is Mg reabsorbed
paracellularly
61
what increases phosphate excretion
PTH
62
main site of phosphate reabsorption
PCT
63
what makes the collecting ducts more permeable to reabsorb water
ADH
64
what substance move out of the collecting duct into interstitium to maintain conc
urea
65
where is blood osmotic pressure detected
osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
66
what receptors does ADH work on
v2 receptors in cortical collecting ducts
67
where is aldosterone released from
zona glomerulosa in adrenal glands
68
what does aldosterone bind to
MR (mineralocorticoid receptor
69
3 things aldosterone-MR increases
- ENaC - K+ channels on apical membrane - increase in basolateral Na/K/ATPase pump
70
2 reasons aldosterone is released
Ang 2 | increase K+ levels
71
2 K+ sparring diuretics
spironalactone | amiloride

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