L4 Shallow Processing Flashcards
What is shallow processing ?
Not proessing the sentence properly
E.g. can a man marry with widow’s sister ? he mist already be dead, only women can be a widower
What are the traditional assumptions as to why people shallow process ?
Full lexical retrieval and integration into a fully specified syntactic structure
Readers interpret a word while they are fixating on it, they continue to fixate on it until they process as far as they can
The goal of the listener can be achieved with only partial analysis
What is incomplete semantic commitment as evidence for shallow processing ?
What is IT
Mary bought a new radio, it was in the shop window, Joan saw it and bought it too
It is easier to not commit to what IT is and just move on with the text
What are garden path sentences when providing evidence for shallow processing ?
While Anna dressed the baby played in the crib
One interpretation is good enough so people don’t bother clearing up the details
What is pragmatic normalisation when providing evidence for shallow processing ?
A breakdown of local sematic interpretation because of pragmatic override
Passive sentence are less accurate at identifying the do-er
What is failure to detect semantic anomalies ?
Easy to detect anomalies - spead the warm bread with socks…
Hard to detect anomalies - how many of each kind of animals did Moses take on the Ark…
Why do people miss anomalies ?
- shallow processing - full meanings are not retrieved
- reduced awareness hypothesis - comprehension system retrieves meanings of anomalies and attempts to integrate them into context, but does not reach conscious awareness
What does eye-tracking tell us about anomaly detection ?
Bohan and Sanford 2008 monitored eye tracking for hard to detect anomalies
Their eyes stayed longer on the anomalies even though they could not subconsciously recognise the mistake
Detection is there but delayed, detection results in disruption, disruption only observed when anomalies are consciously detected
What does event related potentials tell us about anomaly detection ?
Hard to detect anomalies - no effect in brain activity (N400) but there is a late positive potential effect only when they are detected
Easy to detect anomalies - change in brain activation when detected
What controls depth of processing ?
Logical subordination (Baker and Wagner 1987)
Linguistic focus (Bredart and Modolo 1988)
Discourse focus (Stuart 2004)
Attention-grabbing devices (Bredart and Doquier 1989)
What is logical subordination ?
Distinguishes focal information from extra information
Subordinate - less confident
Main - clear and confident
What is linguistic focus ?
The way sentences are worded can emphasise a change in word or it can make them be missed
What is discourse focus ?
Change in words is only noticed if the word is deeply processed
Better detected when the words are unrelated
What is text change detection ?
Aims to discover when distinctions are not being made at some level of semantics
Fine detail there is in a representation
Focus increases the probability of detecting a change to a related word
What is the use of attention-grabbing devices ?
Depth of processing can be modulated
Can draw attention to anomalies
Can change words in italics or bold and vocal stress on words
