L1 Language, Visual World Recognition Flashcards
What was Dufau 2015 Event Related Potentials megastudy ?
Measure electrical activity using electrodes
960 words and 140 pseudo words shown to 75 ps
Lexical decision making task
What is the visual word recognition like in literate adults ?
Fast and automatic - 250-300 words per min, mandatory, 200ms to distinguish between words and non words
Flexible - can read different scripts and fonts
Precise - able to distinguish similar words
What is typical vs lexical decisions ?
Typical words vs atypical words - letter combination e.g. lint vs kiwi
Lexical words vs pseudo words - real words or not
What is the stroop test 1935 ?
No difference between reading words in incompatible colours vs reading words in black
Slower response for ink colour od incompatible words
What was Bisson 2012 research results when reading subtitles ?
Dutch audio, no subtitles - focused on the main characters
Dutch audio, English subtitles - focused on the subtitles
Dutch audio, Dutch subtitles - focus on both characters and subtitles
English audio, Dutch subtitles - focused on characters, glimpsed at subtitles
Everyone kept trying to read over watch
What is masked priming ?
Presented two words in succession
Priming word is presented briefly
Task focuses on the target word
Masked priming paradigm - mask, prime, target
Record time taken to identify if the masked word was real or not
Happens unconsciously
What are the results of masked priming and relatedness ?
A masked orthographically related nonword prime, speeds up target word processing
compared to orthographically unrelated prime (Forster 1987)
What was Perfetti and Tan research ?
They did priming in chinese
They found that phonological and semantically related words facilitated priming effect
What effect did Rawlinson 1999 demonstrate ?
The letters inside a word can be jumbled up and we still understand it because humans don’t read every letter they will read the first and last letter mainly
What did Perea 2015 find out about case alteration ?
Masked priming lexical decision task with words in alternate cases and did not find considerably dramatic differences between lower case and alternate cases
What did Grainger find about orthographic in animals ?
Baboons can be trained to see English words vs nonwords
What is orthographic input coding ?
Invariant letter and word recognition a = A /= b
Distinguish between similar words by position specific coding
Order is important
What is position specific letter coding ?
Implemented in a computer programme
Interactive activation model (McClelland and Rumelhart 1981)
Dual Route Cascade model (Coltheart et al, 2001)
Multiple Read out model (Grainger and Jacobs, 1996)
What is the Interactive Activation model ?
Localist connectionist model / neural network model
Includes visual features, letters and words
Visual features will support a letter resulting in inhibition or excitation
What are the layers to the IA model ?
Word level - word nodes inhibit all other nodes (lateral inhibition)
Letter and feature levels - 4 pools of representations
Resting level activations of words vary between -0.5 and 0
Activation of each node varies between -0.2 and 1
What are the characteristics of IA models ?
Representations - visual features, letters, words
Inhibition and excitation
Lateral inhibition at the word level
Word nodes at the word level have resting-level activations that reflect word frequencies
Each step of the activation is calculated based on the amount of excitation and inhibition
Word recognition happens when the node reaches a certain amount of activation
What is transportation priming ?
Forster et al - masked priming lexical decision task
Prime 60ms and target presented in upper case
Identity is much faster than the control - doesn’t matter if they are not identical
Findings are replicated by Perea and Lupker 2003
What is relative position priming ?
Grainger et al 2006 - masked priming lexical decision task
Prime duration 50ms, french target words
What is the open bigram model ?
Grainger and Van Heuven 2003
Codes thee relative position of adjacent and non-adjacent letters using open bigrams
Match overlap between prime and target can be calculated by counting the shared open bigrams between the prime and target
What did Davis find out about spatial coding ?
Spatial coding model - order of letters is transformed in a set of temporal values assigned to each letter
Identity can vary depending on the certainty
What did the spatial coding method simulate ?
Successful in simulating priming effects across a wide range of studies (20)
Can match with different words depending on how similar they are
What is the evaluation of open-bigram models ?
Kinoshita and Norris
Investigated match value predictions of three open bigram models in a series of experiments
Cross case sequential different task
E.g. the - hte - THE
Maximum priming effect for most 2 letter and alot of 3 letter
When there was 3 letters match score was 0
What is the role of semantics ?
Perea and Lupker 2003
Role of transposed-letter similarity effects in masked associative priming
Judge - activates - court
Non of the existing models can account for semantic effects
