L1 Language, Visual World Recognition

Question 1

What was Dufau 2015 Event Related Potentials megastudy ?

Answer 1

Measure electrical activity using electrodes
960 words and 140 pseudo words shown to 75 ps
Lexical decision making task

Question 2

What is the visual word recognition like in literate adults ?

Answer 2

Fast and automatic - 250-300 words per min, mandatory, 200ms to distinguish between words and non words
Flexible - can read different scripts and fonts
Precise - able to distinguish similar words

Question 3

What is typical vs lexical decisions ?

Answer 3

Typical words vs atypical words - letter combination e.g. lint vs kiwi
Lexical words vs pseudo words - real words or not

Question 4

What is the stroop test 1935 ?

Answer 4

No difference between reading words in incompatible colours vs reading words in black
Slower response for ink colour od incompatible words

Question 5

What was Bisson 2012 research results when reading subtitles ?

Answer 5

Dutch audio, no subtitles - focused on the main characters
Dutch audio, English subtitles - focused on the subtitles
Dutch audio, Dutch subtitles - focus on both characters and subtitles
English audio, Dutch subtitles - focused on characters, glimpsed at subtitles
Everyone kept trying to read over watch

Question 6

What is masked priming ?

Answer 6

Presented two words in succession
Priming word is presented briefly
Task focuses on the target word
Masked priming paradigm - mask, prime, target
Record time taken to identify if the masked word was real or not
Happens unconsciously

Question 7

What are the results of masked priming and relatedness ?

Answer 7

A masked orthographically related nonword prime, speeds up target word processing
compared to orthographically unrelated prime (Forster 1987)

Question 8

What was Perfetti and Tan research ?

Answer 8

They did priming in chinese
They found that phonological and semantically related words facilitated priming effect

Question 9

What effect did Rawlinson 1999 demonstrate ?

Answer 9

The letters inside a word can be jumbled up and we still understand it because humans don’t read every letter they will read the first and last letter mainly

Question 10

What did Perea 2015 find out about case alteration ?

Answer 10

Masked priming lexical decision task with words in alternate cases and did not find considerably dramatic differences between lower case and alternate cases

Question 11

What did Grainger find about orthographic in animals ?

Answer 11

Baboons can be trained to see English words vs nonwords

Question 12

What is orthographic input coding ?

Answer 12

Invariant letter and word recognition a = A /= b
Distinguish between similar words by position specific coding
Order is important

Question 13

What is position specific letter coding ?

Answer 13

Implemented in a computer programme
Interactive activation model (McClelland and Rumelhart 1981)
Dual Route Cascade model (Coltheart et al, 2001)
Multiple Read out model (Grainger and Jacobs, 1996)

Question 14

What is the Interactive Activation model ?

Answer 14

Localist connectionist model / neural network model
Includes visual features, letters and words
Visual features will support a letter resulting in inhibition or excitation

Question 15

What are the layers to the IA model ?

Answer 15

Word level - word nodes inhibit all other nodes (lateral inhibition)
Letter and feature levels - 4 pools of representations
Resting level activations of words vary between -0.5 and 0
Activation of each node varies between -0.2 and 1

Question 16

What are the characteristics of IA models ?

Answer 16

Representations - visual features, letters, words
Inhibition and excitation
Lateral inhibition at the word level
Word nodes at the word level have resting-level activations that reflect word frequencies
Each step of the activation is calculated based on the amount of excitation and inhibition
Word recognition happens when the node reaches a certain amount of activation

Question 17

What is transportation priming ?

Answer 17

Forster et al - masked priming lexical decision task
Prime 60ms and target presented in upper case
Identity is much faster than the control - doesn’t matter if they are not identical
Findings are replicated by Perea and Lupker 2003

Question 18

What is relative position priming ?

Answer 18

Grainger et al 2006 - masked priming lexical decision task
Prime duration 50ms, french target words

Question 19

What is the open bigram model ?

Answer 19

Grainger and Van Heuven 2003
Codes thee relative position of adjacent and non-adjacent letters using open bigrams
Match overlap between prime and target can be calculated by counting the shared open bigrams between the prime and target

Question 20

What did Davis find out about spatial coding ?

Answer 20

Spatial coding model - order of letters is transformed in a set of temporal values assigned to each letter
Identity can vary depending on the certainty

Question 21

What did the spatial coding method simulate ?

Answer 21

Successful in simulating priming effects across a wide range of studies (20)
Can match with different words depending on how similar they are

Question 22

What is the evaluation of open-bigram models ?

Answer 22

Kinoshita and Norris
Investigated match value predictions of three open bigram models in a series of experiments
Cross case sequential different task
E.g. the - hte - THE
Maximum priming effect for most 2 letter and alot of 3 letter
When there was 3 letters match score was 0

Question 23

What is the role of semantics ?

Answer 23

Perea and Lupker 2003
Role of transposed-letter similarity effects in masked associative priming
Judge - activates - court
Non of the existing models can account for semantic effects