L3 microbial metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

What is meant by metabolism

A

Chemical reactions that occur within the cell to maintain normal functioning and growth
Mediated by enzymes and fuelled by the input of energy by nutrition

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2
Q

What can microbes use as nutrition

A

Wood, humans, water, metal etc.

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3
Q

What is catabolism
What is catabolism used for

A

Breakdown of molecules into simple forms
Used for energy generation and supplying building blocks for growth

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4
Q

What is anabolism
Does it require energy

A

= biosynthesis = construction of complex molecules from simpler ones
Energy requiring

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5
Q

Does catabolism occur quickly or slowly and why

A

Gradual breakdown, if broken down too quickly then massice release of energy occurs which can be harmful

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6
Q

What are the key atomic nutrients for life

A

C, N, S, O, H, P

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7
Q

What 2 things are used to describe organisms (microbes)

A

How they obtain energy and carbon

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8
Q

What is a phototroph

A

A microbe that generates energy from light

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9
Q

What is a chemotroph

A

A microbe generating energy from the chemical arrangement of molecules (organic or inorganic)

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10
Q

What is the name for a microbe which fixes carbon dioxide as its principal carbon source

A

Autotroph

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11
Q

What is the name for a microbe which uses external (organic) sources of carbon for biosnythesis

A

Heterotroph

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12
Q

What is a mixotroph

A

Able to carry out both autotrophy and heterotrophy
Can fix carbon from both carbon dioxide and organic sources

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13
Q

What is a photoautotroph
Give an example

A

Uses light and carbon diocide
Photosynthetic cyanobacteria

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14
Q

What is a photoheterotroph
Give an example

A

Use light and organic carbon
Purple / green bacteria

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15
Q

What is a chemoheterotroph
Give an example

A

Uses chemical energy and organic carbon source
Enterobacteria

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16
Q

What is a chemoautotroph
Give an example

A

Use chemnical energy and carbon dioxide as carbon source
Ammonia oxidising bacteria

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17
Q

What are the two additional terms used to seperate chemotrophs based on whether their carbon source is organic or inorganic

A

Organotroph = organic molecules
Lithotroph = inorganic molecules

18
Q

Give an example of an energy source a chemolithotroph might use

A

H2
Fe2+
H2S
NH4+

19
Q

What is another word for direct interaction between microbes

A

Antagonistic

20
Q

ow can microbes interact indirectly

A

One species affects the environment to exclude another species

21
Q

What is niche partitioning

A

Where microbes occupy the same space but compete for different resources

22
Q

Explain how redox reactions can occue without movement of elevtrons

A

Redox reactions refer to a change in oxidation state
Oxidation increases the oxidation state, reduction decreases it

23
Q

What does the oxidation state represent

A

The number of electrons that an atom can gain, lose or share when chemically bonding with an atom of another element

24
Q

A reduced compound becomes … during oxidation

A

Oxidised

25
Q

What is the role of oxidoreductases

A

Accept and transfer electrons in the electron transport chain

26
Q

What are the first and second laws of energy (thermodynamic laws)

A

In energy transformations, the total energy remains constant
In energy transformations, some energy created disorder (entropy) and not work (systems tend to become more disordered)

27
Q

What is enthalpy

A

The total energy of a system

28
Q

What is enthalpy measured in

A

Joules (or heat)

29
Q

What is the equation for enthalpy (H)

A

H = G + T * S
G - free energy
T - temperature
S - entropy (disorder) = unusable energy

30
Q

What is the equation for Gibbs free energy

A

∆G = ∆H - T∆S
∆H - heat energy released or absorbed (enthalpy)
∆S - measure of disorder (change in entropy)
T - temperature

31
Q

If an organism absorbs heat from its environment, is ∆H positive or negative

A

Positive

32
Q

If a reaction splits one molecule into two, does ∆S increase or decrease

A

Increases (more disorder)

33
Q

Is ∆S more lilely to be positive for catabolic or anabolic reactions

A

Catabolic

34
Q

What is Gibbs free energy used to predict

A

The direction of a chemical reaction

35
Q

If ∆G is positive, which direction is the reaction likely to go in

A

Reverse

36
Q

What are 3 other factors affecting biochemical reactions

A

Concentration of reagents
Environmental conditions
Linked reactions
Activation energy
Enzymes

37
Q

What does ∆G˚ mean in terms of the environment

A

Standard conditions of temperature, pressure and reactant concentrations

38
Q

What does ∆G˚’ mean in terms of the environment of a reaction

A

Standard conditions plus biochemically relebany conditions pH7 and water activity 1

39
Q

What happens in hydrolysis

A

Chemical bonds broken via oxidation by water

40
Q

Give an example of energy reactions being coupled with unfavourable reactions in a cell

A

Glucose phosphorylation coupled with ATP dephosphorylation

41
Q

What is activation energy

A

Energy input required for a chemical reaction to occur

42
Q

What effect to enzymes have on activation energy

A

Lower it