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BIO239 Microbiology And The Cycles Of Life > L2 Microbial diversity intro > Flashcards

L2 Microbial diversity intro Flashcards

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1
Q

What evidence is used to suggest bacteria diverged from a common ancestor of eukaryotes and archaea

A

RNA comparisons

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2
Q

Did bacteria diverge from eukaryotes before or after Archaea
Where is the evidence for this

A

Before
Cell membrane. DNA, RNA and protein roles

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3
Q

How can you use phylogenetics in defining bacteria and archaea

A

Relatedness of housekeeping genes

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4
Q

How could you use the ecological niche to define bacteria and archaea

A

Related organisms are expected to occupy the same niche and share characteristics

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5
Q

3 other ways of defining batceria and archaea

A

DNA hybridisation
SSU rRNA
Average nucleotide identity (ANI)

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6
Q

Why does horizontal gene transfer make it hard to define a species

A

Species are mostly defined by genetics
Bacteria can use horizontal gene transfer between species which are unrelated
This blurs the line between one species and the other if they share a significant proportion of their genome

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7
Q

Give an example of bacteria ‘picking up’ genes from archaea

A

Bacteria picks up halophillic and thermophillic genes from archaea co-habitating extreme environments

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8
Q

Is transfer faster or slower in closely related taxa

A

Faster

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9
Q

Is gene transfer faster or slower in pathogenic species

A

Faster

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10
Q

Give an example of a gene which only transfers vertically

A

RNA polymerase
Ribosomal RNA

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11
Q

What is the main route of change and adaptation in bacterua

A

Mutation

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12
Q

What is a downfall in using metagenomics to help measure bacteriak diversity

A

It is dependent on comparisons form known species
Not useful in highly divergent microbes or those that have acquired large portions of their DNA from elsewhere

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13
Q

How much of the genome of E.coli is made up of horizontal gene transfer

A

18%

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14
Q

What does pan-genome describe

A

Where a species is a community of differing individuals (having undergone mutation or horizontal gene transfer) as opposed to a clearly defined entity

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of genes

A

Informational (core)
Optional (accessory)

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16
Q

Give an example of informational genes and operational genes

A

Informational - rRNA, elongation factors
Operational - virulence factors, N fixing

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17
Q

Which gene type functions independendlty from other processes and which interacts with other cell components

A

Interact = informational
Indeoendent = operational

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18
Q

Which of informational and operational genes are likely to undergo vertical and horizontal transfer

A

Informational = vertical transmission
Operational = horizontal

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19
Q

When did deep branching thermophiles diverge
What environments are they associated with
What energy sources can they use

A

Diverged early. Earliest to diverge from bacterial lineage
High temperature environments - horizontal gene transfer with archaea
Hydrogen, sulfur, light - diverse

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20
Q

Where are chloroplasts likely to have evolved from

A

Cyanobacteria

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21
Q

What do cyanobacteria cells contain

A

Chlorophyll a + b, accessory pigments, thylakoids, carboxysomes, gas vesicles

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22
Q

What is the responsibility of gas vesicles in cyanobacteria

A

Maintain position in water column

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23
Q

What are the two ways thylakoids can be distributed in cyanobacteria and what do each of these mean

A

Notsoc = distributed throughout cell
Prochlorococcus = in concentric layers around cel

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24
Q

What forms can cyanobacteria take on

A

Single cells, long chains, colonies etc.

25
Q

What kind of environments are gram positive bacteria found in

A

Harsh

26
Q

What are 3 types of gram positive bacteria

A

Firmicutes
Actinobacteria
Tenericutes

27
Q

Give an example of firmicutes

A

Bacillus
Ckostridium
Streptococcus

28
Q

What specialised structure to firmicutes produce

A

Endospores

29
Q

Where are actinomycetes likely to be found

A

Soil

30
Q

What are the multiple peptidoglycan layers of gram positive bacteria joined by

A

Teichoid acids = chains of phosphodiester linked glycerol or ribitol with sugar or amino acid linked middle OH groups

31
Q

What often surrounds gram positive bacteria

A

Polysaccharide capsule

32
Q

What is the S-layer in gram positive bacteria

A

Crystalline protein or glycoprotein layer with large pores (uncertain function)

33
Q

Are proteobacteria gram positive or negative

A

Gram negative

34
Q

What makes proteobacteria gram negative

A

They only have a ingle peptidoglycan layer

35
Q

What is the outer membrane of proteobacteria made of

A

Complex lipopolysaccharides

36
Q

Give an example of proteobacteria

A

E. Coli
Salmonella
Pseudomonas

37
Q

What is the periplasmic space of proteobacteria responsible for

A

Transporting specidic and protein folding proteins

38
Q

Give an example of deep branching gram negative bacteria

A

Bacteriodetes

39
Q

Where are bacteriodetes found
How do they gain energy

A

Gut
Obligate anaerobes
Ferment complex carbohydrates

40
Q

What is chlorosis

A

Anaerobic photosynthesis using sulphides or hydrogen

41
Q

Where is the cell membrane and cytoplasm of spirochetes

A

Contained in outer membrane = sheath

42
Q

Where do spirochetes have flagella and what is their purpose

A

At each end to aid movement towards favourable conditions

43
Q

Where are spirochetes found

A

Free living in awuatic and terrestrial environments

44
Q

Give an example of pathogenic spirochetes

A

Syphilis
Lymes disease
Leptospirosis

45
Q

What microbe carries out corkscrew movement and what is it useful for

A

Spirochetes
Useful for moving through viscous fluids such as mucus

46
Q

What is missing in the cell walls of Chlamydiae, Planctomycetes and Verrucomicrobia

A

Peptidoglycan

47
Q

What are chlamydiae
How do they transmit

A

Intracellular parasites
Create spore like elemental bodies which infect surrounding cells

48
Q

Where to plactomycetes live
What structure do they produce
What is special about the nuceloid membrane

A

Free living, aquatic
Budding stalks
Extra double membrane around nuceloid similar to eukaryotic nucelar enveolpe

49
Q

What is the life style of verrucomicrobia
What structures do they produce

A

Free licing
Wart-like structures

50
Q

What dictates microbe cell shape

A

Cytoskeleton in cytoplasm, not peptidoglycan cell wall

51
Q

What is the general structure of gram positive bacteria

A

Plasma membrane, periplasmic space, a layer of peptidoglycan (s-layer)

52
Q

What is the general structure of gram negative bacteria

A

Plasma membrane, periplasmic space, peptidoglycan layer, periplasmic space, lipopolysaccharide outer membrane

53
Q

How is the DNA nucleoid organised
Where is it attached
What is the role of DNA binding proteins

A

A circular chromosome looped in domains and attached to the membrane
Each domain is supercoiled and compacted by DNA binding proteins

54
Q

How are related genes grouped

A

Into operons

55
Q

When do transcription and translation occur (in respect of each other)

A

Simultaneously

56
Q

What is a polysome
What does it enable

A

A single mRNA transcripy bound by several ribosomes
Lots of protein quickly made from single mRNA strand

57
Q

How is bacterial cells being high in nucleic acids damaging to humans

A

Digested nucleotides form uric acid = toxic

58
Q

What is the protein filament of the flagella

A

Flagellum monomers

59
Q

What drives flagella movement

A

Proton transport and ATP synthase motor

BIO239 Microbiology And The Cycles Of Life (12 decks)

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