L3: Instrumental conditioning part 3 Flashcards
behaviour modification: clinical applications?
Application of how operant conditioning used clinically.
Patient in clinic for schizoprehnia. Patient was living here for many many years and was displaying 3 types of behaviours.
Patient was stealing food when food was present in the canteen so would not only eat her food.
Patient would collect towels. Would always ask for more towels. Hoarding.
Putting alot of layers of clothes and nobody understood why.
Impairing for social life
Starting applying operant conditioning.
Everytime patient stole food, nurses would remove her and put her in her room so without a meal. Learned fast that she would be kicked out of canteen and in a few days stopped stealing.
Applied stimulis- statiation?? Nurses started giving towels without her asking until a point she had more than 600 towels i her room. At this point patient started to give away her towels and patient would have normal amount of towels
To stop layering clothes: weighed patient before entering canteen. If she did not meet weight could not go to the canteen. Patient began removing clothes to lower weight to go to canteen. So extinguished behaviour.
Behaviour became adversive to hoarding etc.:?
token economy?
patient has no tokens and no access to desireable items/activities —> patient engages in desireable/target behaviours—> patient is given tokens for their engagement—> patient trades tokens for desirable items/activities
in society: money is a secondary reinforcer
self-behaviour modification?
Self- behaviour modification - the ABC approach
Specify precisely behaviour to change, measure baseline frequency, determine antecedents (A), response subtitution (B), arrange new rewarding/punishing consequences C,
First observe behaviour to change.
the humane hirearchy of behaviour modification?
The humane hirearchy of behaviour modification explained
Humans analyse when we want to change behaviour is about our health, nutrition and physical setting. With patient with schizoprehnia had to analyse if intervention would affect her health. Patient lost alot of weight and was now more healthy in that sense. Less risk of certain diseases. And because of ehr changes of behaviour mre social and acceptible, dressing more appropriatley and people less aggressive to her.
Then important to see antecedent- baseline. Assess the situation. Without baseline = no notion of good result. Objective assessment. Of baseline.
Then start adding reinforcement e.g: positive reinforcement, differential reinforcement of alternative behaviour then think about:
Extinction, negative reinrorcement and negative punishment
Then finally think about posituve punishment
comparing classical and operant conditioning?
classical: elicits involuntary and automatic response from organism, the reinforcer (US) is present in order to elicit the response of interest, if reinforcer (US) is removed extinction occurs. system of signs and symbols that lead to the anticipation of significant events. spontaenous recovery, generalisation, discrimination, secondary reinforcement.
operant: response is voluntar i.e under the animals control, reinforcer= satisfying state of affairs that follows an appropriate response- presented to the organism after a response has been made, if reinforcer not present, response goes back to baseline. development of appropriate behaviour patterns in response to significant events, spontaneous recovery, generalisation, discrimination, secondary reinforcement.
Impossible to separate classical and instrumental conditioning completely
* Every instrumental conditioning study that uses a primary reinforcer will produce
classical conditioning (all stimuli that occur before the reinforcer will become secondary
reinforcers, through the process of classical conditioning)
applications in addiction and substance use?
- Addiction involves repeated powerful motivation to engage in purposeful behaviour
(e.g. taking drugs) - It is acquired through engaging in the behaviour (e.g. repeated drug taking)
- The behaviour does not have survival value
- And there is significant potential for unintended harm (e.g. mental and physical
health harm, neglecting personal and professional joys and responsibilities,
overdose)dsm-IV and DSM-V categories for addiction: if person has some of these crtiera= addicted. 2 or more. Withdrawal, tolerance etc.
Substance use
Experimentation
* Desire
* Want
all initiation stage
* Habit
* Need
the regular use (maintenance) stage
* Cessation
* Relapse
Initiation
Regular use
(maintenance)
Addiction stage
Change from voluntary to compulsive
Addiction- where if they stop they might see symptoms like withdrawal and craving and so relapse.
positive reinforcement: positive experiences following the nasal ingestion of cocaine at a party (initiation stage)
punishment: coughing/nausea caused by inhaling cigarette smoke or weed (initiation)
negative reinforcement: seeoking out heroin to escape aversive withdrawal symptoms (maintenance)
extinction: pharmacologival blockade of opioid receptors by nalocone (cessation)
incentive sensitisation theory?
Positive reinforcement is not an adequate reason
* People will work to obtain doses of drugs which do not produce rewarding effect (Lamb
et al., 1991)
* Incentive-sensitization theory: Drug-taking increases over the course of an addiction,
but people do not report that the pleasure increases (Robinson & Berridge, 2000)
Lamg et al., (1991): people addicted to opioids. Started administering morphine. for patient to get drug would have to perform a task. For placebo, patients did not work hard at all. For other doses of morphine, individuals for mean placebo not working for higher doses worked really hard. Idk if for placebo or morphine? Working really hard without really liking it. At low doses would work to get the drug and similar to highest doses. But were not liking the drug. Maybe the liking we think is positive reinforcement was not driving the patients to take the drug.
regular use?
Negative reinforcement (Koob et al., 2004): Taking a drug avoids withdrawal → need
to take it again every time withdrawal might set it
* Some psychoactive drugs (e.g. cocaine) do not produce strong withdrawal, but
are still highly addictive (Jaffe, 1992)
* Some drugs (e.g. some antidepressants) produce withdrawal, but are not
addictive (Jaffe, 1992)
what makes a drug addictive?
What makes a drug addictive?
Three factors are required to make some psychoactive drugs more addictive than others:
1. Ability to activate the incentive (wanting e.g. dopamine) and the pleasure (liking e.g.
opioids) systems in the brain
* Memory of intense pleasure may be potent temptation to use again and again
* Not sufficient for many people
2. Tolerance & withdrawal effects (a state that can last several weeks)
* Lack of activity in pleasure systems
* Activation of unpleasant and drug-opposing processes
3. Long-lasting changes in brain incentive systems that can cause cravings even after
withdrawal is over
* For example: cocaine, (met)amphetamines: neural sensitization of dopamine
neurons
* Neurons activate more highly by these drugs and drug related cues
* Neural sensitization lasts much longer than withdrawal → reason why recovered
addicts maybe in danger to relapse even after rehabilitation
* Incentive motivation system (wanting) > pleasure system (liking)
* Hyperactivation → exaggerated craving for drug even when the drug experience is
not particularly positive
craving and relapse?
Craving and relapse: the power of conditioned cuses
Boileau et al. (2007) 4 trials giving amphetamine to indivduals. Measured using pet scan. And showed dopamine levels. In 5th trials, some patients had placebo. Used same environmental cues and results for placebo were similar to those who recieved amphetamine. Also displayed lots of dopamine in brain. And reported high euporia, energy, like and want. Brain expects those results and produces dopamine even when no drug.
Conditioned dopamine release.
limitations of learning theories and addiction?
Limitations of learning theories of addiction
* Learning theories originated in animal research & learning theories of drug addiction
also have a foundation in animal experiments → risk to oversimplify picture in humans
* They are based on automatic processes: associations between cues, associations
between behaviour and reinforcement/punishment
* They do not tend to take into account human reflective processes, beliefs and
intentions
* They also do not take into account individual susceptibility: not all users become
addicts
* Drug addiction is highly influenced by genetic factors
* Environmental (e.g. childhood trauma) also likely to influence who becomes addicted
behavioural addictions?
Engagement may become compulsive and all consuming
* Gambling disorder is included in the chapter on Substance-
Related and Addictive Disorders (DSM-V)
