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Rehabilitation Engineering Part 1 > L3 Disabilities > Flashcards

L3 Disabilities Flashcards

1
Q

Disabilities

A

Impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions

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2
Q

Impairment

A

Problem in body function or structure

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3
Q

Activity limitation

A

A difficulty encountered by an individual in executing a task or action

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4
Q

Participation restriction

A

A problem experienced by an individual in involvement in life situations

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5
Q

Disability - SS

A

The law defines disability as the

inability to engage in any substantial gainful activity (SGA)

by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment(s)

which can be expected to result in death or

which has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months.

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6
Q

American Disabilities Act (ADA)

A

Signed into law on July 26, 1990, the ADA is a wide-ranging civil rights law that prohibits, under certain circumstances, discrimination based on disability

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7
Q

Rehabilitation Act

A

The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 was the first major legislative effort to secure
an equal playing field for individuals with disabilities.

No otherwise qualified individual with a disability in the United States… shall, solely by reason of her or his disability, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance

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8
Q

Disability - ADA

A

The ADA defines a person with a disability as a person who has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities.

  1. has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities;
  2. has a record of such an impairment; or
  3. is regarded as having such an impairment.
  • “Disability” is a legal term rather than a medical one
  • ADA’s definition of disability is different from how disability is defined under some other laws.
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9
Q

Severity of Disability

A

A severely disabled individual is characterized by:
1. Multiple impairments that require different readily available therapeutic techniques (or)

  1. Where a number of techniques are available, but it is not known if they are capable of removing the barriers(or)
  2. Therapeutic techniques are not readily available, but evaluation suggests that solutions can be developed by integrating various environments and services
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10
Q

CONGENITAL DISABILITIES

A

Dystonic / Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy

Spastic Cerebral Palsy

Spina Bifida

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11
Q

ACQUIRED DISABILITIES

A

Head Injuries

Spinal Cord Injuries

Stroke

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12
Q

PROGRESSIVE DISABILITIES

A

Multiple Sclerosis

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

ALS

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13
Q

Blindness

A

Strictly defined as the state of being totally sightless in both eyes

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14
Q

Legal blindness

A

Level of vision loss that has been legally defined to determine eligibility for benefits.
The clinical diagnosis refers to a central visual acuity of 20/200 or less in the better eye with the best possible correction, and/or a visual field of 20 degrees or less

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15
Q

Hearing Impairments

A

Hearing impairment by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is “an impairment in hearing, whether permanent or fluctuating, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance but is not included under the definition of ‘deafness.

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16
Q

Deafness

A

A hearing loss above 90 decibels is generally considered deafness, which means that a hearing loss below 90 decibels is classified as a hearing impairment.

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17
Q

Cerebral Palsy

A
  • Group of neurological disorders that appear in infancy or early childhood and permanently affect body movement, muscle coordination, and balance
  • Lack of muscle coordination when performing voluntary movements (ataxia); stiff or tight muscles and exaggerated reflexes (spasticity); walking with one foot or leg dragging; walking on the toes, a crouched gait, or a “scissored”
    gait; and muscle tone that is either too stiff or too floppy
  • Seizures, hearing loss and impaired vision, bladder and bowel control issues, and pain and abnormal sensations
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18
Q

Spina Bifida

A
  • part of a group of birth defects called neural tube defects
  • Myelomeningocele: the most severe form; the baby’s spinal
    canal remains open along several vertebrae in the lower or
    middle back
    Spina Bifida
    Neurological impairment is common, including:
  • Muscle weakness of the legs, sometimes
    involving paralysis
  • Bowel and bladder problems
  • Seizures, especially if the child requires a shunt
  • Orthopedic problems — such as deformed feet,
    uneven hips and a curved spine (scoliosis)
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19
Q

Spinal cord injury (SCI)

A

Spinal cord injury (SCI) occurs when the spinal cord becomes
damaged, most commonly, when motor vehicle accidents, falls,
acts of violence, and sporting accidents fracture vertebrae and
crush or transect the spinal cord

20
Q

Tetraplegia\Quadraplegia - SCI

A

loss of function in both arms and
legs – cervical SCI

21
Q

Paraplegia

A

lost of function legs and chest
thoracic SCI: legs and chest
lumbar, sacral SCI: hips and legs

22
Q

CNS

A

central nervous system: brain and spinal cord

23
Q

PNS

A

peripheral nervous system

24
Q

Impact plus persistent compression

A

burst fracture with bone fragments compressing spinal cord

25
Q

Distraction

A

two adjacent vertebrae are pulled apart –causing spinal column to stretch, tear

26
Q

Laceration/transection

A

missile injuries, severe dislocations, sharp bone fragments

27
Q

Spinal Cord Injury results in

A

Movement/Muscle Control
Inability to move muscles
Muscles may have spastic contractions or may atrophy from disuse

Sensation
Inability to feel hot/cold, pressure, pain, position sense
Inability to regulate body temperature

Organ System control
Loss of control of bowel/bladder
May need treatment to assist with SCI-related pain, sexual function and
fertility

28
Q

Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) Cell Therapy - STEM Cell

A
  • Have not differentiated to become a specific kind of cell
  • Investigators are showing that various types of stem cells, derived from embryonic, fetal or adult tissues, have the
    potential to replace or repair lost or damaged cells in the nervous system
  • Depending on environment stem cells can become neurons or other support neurons
29
Q

Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) Cell Therapy - Schwann Cell

A
  • Peripheral nerve cell
  • In certain environments of cells/drugs grow large numbers of cells transplant to minimize damage, remyelinate promote recovery of motion function – in animals
30
Q

Traumatic brain injury (TBI)

A

closed head, open head, contusion (bruise);
concussion; diffuse axonal injury; penetrating trauma; secondary injury

31
Q

Acquired brain injury

A

anoxia : total lack of oxygen to the brain

hypoxia: insufficient oxygen to the brain

32
Q

Secondary Brain Injury

A

Swelling and release of chemicals that promote inflammation and cell injury or death. This causes swelling in the brain which may increase the intracranial pressure and prevent the cerebrospinal fluid from draining out of the skull.

32
Q

Diffusion Axonal Injury

A

Forces applied to brain cause axons to twist and tear. Neauronal (brain cell) death results

33
Q

Secondary Brain Injury Examples

A
  • Intracranial hemorrhage (bleeding inside the skull)
  • Brain swelling
  • Increased intracranial pressure (pressure inside the skull)
  • Brain damage associated with lack of oxygen
  • Infection inside the skull, common with penetrating trauma
  • Chemical changes leading to cell death
  • Increased fluid inside the skull (hydrocephalus)
34
Q

Stroke

A

A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of your brain is interrupted or
severely reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. Within minutes,
brain cells begin to die

35
Q

Stroke - Signs

A
  • Trouble with speaking and understanding. You may experience confusion. You may slur your words or have difficulty understanding speech.
  • Paralysis or numbness of the face, arm or leg. You may develop sudden numbness, weakness or paralysis in your face, arm or leg, especially on one side of your body. Try to raise both your arms over your head at the same time. If one arm begins to fall, you may be having a stroke. Similarly, one side of your mouth may droop when you try to smile.
  • Trouble with seeing in one or both eyes. You may suddenly have blurred or blackened vision in one or both eyes, or you may see double.
  • Headache. A sudden, severe headache, which may be accompanied by vomiting, dizziness or altered consciousness, may indicate you’re having a stroke.
  • Trouble with walking. You may stumble or experience sudden dizziness, loss of balance or loss of coordination
36
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke

A

caused by a ruptured blood vessel leading to brain
bleeds

37
Q

Ischemic stroke

A

caused by a clot leading to blockage in a blood vessel

38
Q

Transient ischemia attack (TIA): mini-stroke

A

a temporary period of symptoms similar to those of a stroke. A TIA usually lasts only a
few minutes
* Warning sign, 1 in 3 people with TIA–stroke

39
Q

Stroke Warning Signs

A
  • Face. Ask the person to smile. Does one side of the face droop?
  • Arms. Ask the person to raise both arms. Does one arm drift downward?
    Or is one arm unable to raise up?
  • Speech. Ask the person to repeat a simple phrase. Is his or her speech
    slurred or strange?
  • Time. If you observe any of these signs, call 911 immediately
40
Q

Stroke -DO

A
  • Call 911 immediately
  • Note the TIME you first see symptoms
  • Perform CPR –if necessary – most stroke patients don’t require

check pulse and breathing

if none perform CPR

41
Q

Stroke -DON’T

A
  • Do NOT let person go to sleep
  • Do NOT give person medication, food, drinks
  • Do NOT drive yourself or someone else to ER
42
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

an unpredictable, often disabling disease of the central nervous system that disrupts the flow of information within the brain, and between the brain and body.

43
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

A

progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve
cells in the brain and the spinal cord.

“No muscle nourishment.“

Steven Hawking

44
Q

Impact alone with transient compression:

A

hyperextension injury

Rehabilitation Engineering Part 1 (14 decks)

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