L3 - Aggression & Violence 1 Flashcards
According to WHO, how many people die each year from violent acts?
1.5 million
According to Barling, Dupre & Kelloway, (2009), generally when aggression develops an aspect of physicality, it is referred to as:
Violence.
Aggressive and/or violent behaviour may be defined as:
Behaviours with an intention to physically or psychologically harm another individual, who is motivated to avoid said behaviours.
Name the 5 sub-types of aggression and give an example for each:
i. Direct physical aggression: eg kicking, punching, fighting.
ii. Direct Verbal Aggression: eg name calling, verbal abuse.
iii. Indirect or Relational Aggression: eg gossiping, social exclusion.
iv. Reactive Aggression: eg defensive responses to provocation.
v. Proactive Aggression: eg goal directed and intentional aggression.
What, according to Crick & Dodge, (1999), is the difference in terms of types of aggression displayed between perpetrators and victims?
Crick & Dodge, (1999) said that perpetrators of aggression display both reactive and proactive aggression, where as victims only display reactive aggression.
What two sub-types of aggression have been found to be as harmful as one another?
Indirect or relational aggression has been found to have a comparable effect on victims as direct physical aggression.
Name the 3 main current theories of aggression:
i. Bandura’s, (1973; 1987), Social cognitive theory
ii. Crick & Dodge’s, (1994), Social information processing model, & Huesmann’s (1998) Script Model
iii. The General Aggression Model (GAM)
What is Bandura’s (1973; 1987) theory of aggression?
Bandura’s (1973; 1987) Social-Cognitive theory of aggression states that children acquire aggressive behaviours from modelling the behaviour of others, through observational or vicarious learning.
How do Crick & Dodge’s (1994), and Huesmann’s (1998) explain the acquisition of aggression?
Crick & Dodge’s (1994) Social Information Processing model, and Huesmann’s (1998) Script model are both developmental models that say aggression is learnt through early experiences and social interactions.
Explain the GAM:
The General Aggression Model (GAM) is a socio-cognitive model of aggression which involves influence from:
i. inherent predispositions: eg genes, early experiences
ii. knowledge structures: eg attitudes and beliefs
iii. triggering environmental factors: eg provocation, pain
What are the 3 main risk factors of aggression?
i. genes
ii. personality
iii. the situation
What gene is indicated in aggressive behaviour and what is it’s role?
Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), which is sometimes called the warrior gene codes for the enzyme that breaks down serotonin in the brain.
Serotonin has been shown to be low in antisocial individuals.
What did Meyer-Lindenberg et al., (2006) show about brain structures and the MAOA gene?
Meyer-Lindenberg et al., (2006) showed that males who had a common MAOA gene polymorphism showed an 8% reduction in the volume of their, amygdala, anterior cingulate, and prefrontal cortex.
These three brain regions are indicated in emotion regulation and are found to be impaired in antisocial individuals.
How does personality influence aggression?
Individuals high in trait aggressiveness and trait irritability were shown by Bettencourt et al. (2006), to behave more aggressively than low trait aggressive individuals in both the neutral and provoked conditions.
Outline one study showing situational effects on aggression:
One study that shows situational or environmental effects on aggression is Anderson et al’s. (2010) meta-analysis of the effect of violent video games on aggressive behaviours.
This showed that exposure to violent video games leads to increased aggression across thoughts, feelings, and behaviours, as well as leading to decreased empathy and decreased prosocial behaviours.
