L - 23 The Self VII

Question 1

What are self-conscious emotions?

Answer 1

Emotions that require self-awareness and self-representations.
e.g. guilt, shame, embarrassment, pride.

These emotions are cognitively complex and emerge later in life than most basic emotions.

Don’t have universally only facial recognisable emotions.

Facilitate attainment of social goals.

Question 2

When does a person experience pride?

Answer 2

When a person believes they are responsible for a socially valued outcome.

Pride is displayed by a distinct non-verbal (face and body) expression.

Question 3

What is some evidence towards the universality of pride recognition?

Answer 3

Tracy and Robins (2004, 2008), showed that pride is reliably recognised in adults from America and Italy, as well as in Burkina Faso (West Africa).

Children as young as 4yrs also recognise pride.

Question 4

Outline the possible evidence from Tracy and Matsumoto (2008) of pride being an innate expression:

Answer 4

Tracy and Matsumoto demonstrated that sighted, blind and congenitally blind competitors in the 2004 Paralympic Games showed the pride expression in response to victory, across 30 competing countries.

Question 5

What are the functions of pride?

Answer 5

Expressing pride communicates success and social status to others.

Experiencing pride feels good and reinforces behaviour.

Question 6

What did Williams and DeSteno (2009) demonstrate by manipulating pride before having participants take part in a group task?

Answer 6

Pride was manipulated by telling participants they had performed extremely well, or giving no feedback at all following a mental rotation task.

Participants were then put into a group task where they all manipulated a puzzle.

They found that ‘proud’ participants:

• spent more time manipulating the puzzle.
• were seen as more dominate.
• were liked more.

Question 7

What are the two facets of pride?

Answer 7

Authentic pride:

• sense of achievement, fulfilled, productive, self-worth.
• internal, UNstable, controllable: “I won because I practiced.”

Hubristic pride:

• conceited, arrogant, snobbish, egotistical.
• internal, stable, UNcontrollable: “I won because I’m always great.”

Question 8

What are the cultural differences in pride?

Answer 8

Pride is considered less desirable in collectivistic (Eastern) cultures.

Question 9

Is the pride expression better recognised when displayed by women or men?

Answer 9

Women.