L10- sexual prejudice and reduction Flashcards
What is sexual prejudice?
Any negative attitude, emotion or behaviour directed toward an individual because of his or her sexual orientation
What are examples of blatant sexual prejudice?
Antigay bashings, refusal of employment
What are examples of subtle sexual prejudice?
Using the word “gay” derogatively
When was homosexuality no longer listed as a mental disorder?
a) 1980
a) 1995
c) 1973
d) 1957
c) 1973
Which of the following was not used to treat homosexuality when it was still listed as a sociopathic personality disorder?
a) Behavioural therapy
b) Hormone therapy
c) Lobotomy
d) Castration
a) Therapy
What percentage of non heterosexual individuals experience verbal sexual prejudice?
a) 45%
b) 52%
c) 61%
d) 76%
c) 61%
What percentage of non heterosexual individuals experience abuse related to their sexuality?
a) 30%
b) 53%
c) 62%
d) 69%
d) 69%
What does the Minority Stress Model reveal about the effects of being a target of sexual prejudice?
That those who experiences have the potential to turn into psychopathologies
What is an example of a distal stressor of sexual prejudice?
Prejudiced events
What is an example of a minority stressor of sexual prejudice?
Expectation of rejection
Concealement
Internalised homophobia
What were Kite and Whitley (96)’s findings on attitude differences between women and men towards sexual minorities?
a) men and women had equal attitudes towards sexual minorities
b) men had more negative attitudes when rating gay men and gay women
c) men had more negative attitudes when rating gay men but more positive when rating gay women
d) men had more negative attitudes when rating gay men, and attitudes were equal when rating gay women between men and women
d) men had more negative attitudes when rating gay men, and attitudes were equal when rating gay women between men and women
What is the Gender Belief System Theory?
Men as strong/ competent/ leaders
Other end of the spectrum- women as emotional/ gentle/ cooperative
What happens when individuals violate gender norms?
They are viewed negatively- i.e. masculine women, feminine men
What were Talley and Betterncourt (08)’s findings in their Masculinity Threat experiment?
Participants were given feedback, either threatening or not to their masculinity
Participants as teacher rewarded student or punished them for correct/ incorrect answers
- If gay student and no threat- high initial sexual prejudice (SP) lead to higher aggression, low SP lead to lower aggression
- Gay student and threat- aggression regardless of initial SP- aggression to restore masculinity that was originally threatened
- Strait student- no effect
Why is it that when a straight man feels his sexuality is compromised he will act more aggressively towards a gay man, but not a straight man?
a) because straight men are the worst
b) because straight men are all inherently insecure little boys
c) to re-establish masculinity and punish those that threatened gender norms
d) all of the above
d) all of the above
Why are straight men more accepting of lesbians according to Louderback and Whitley (97)’s study asking participants to rate attitudes towards gays and lesbians?
Men rated lesbians more highly than gays
Women rated equally
men tended to eroticise lesbianism which in turn counteracted the stigma associated w homosexuality
What is a way of measuring explicit sexual prejudice?
Self- report attitudes
What is a way of measuring implicit sexual prejudice?
Reaction times on implicit association tasks
What is an example of an internal motivation for individuals to appear non-prejudiced?
Wanting to appear egalitarian
What is an example of an external motivation for individuals to appear non-prejudiced?
Social pressure
Negative reactions from others
What level of prejudice can be expected if an individual has high internal/ low external motivation?
They will be less prejudiced
What level of prejudice can be expected if an individual has low internal/ high external motivation?
They will be more prejudiced
What were Verrelli and White (16)’s findings on political conservatism and motivations to respond with prejudice towards gay men? (two correct answers)
a) political conservatism was related to high external but low internal motivations to respond without prejudice
b) political conservatism was related to low external but high internal motivations to respond without prejudice
c) results were insignificant
d) conservatives are all cunts
a) political conservatism was related to high external but low internal motivations to respond without prejudice
d) conservatives are all cunts
so want to appear non-prejudiced but are in fact
What are the effects of intergroup contact on sexual prejudice reduction towards lesbians, gays and homosexuals, according to Smith, Axelton & Saucier (09)’s meta-analysis?
Sexual prejudice attitudes were significantly reduced with regards to lesbians, gays and homosexuals
What are some benefits of e-contact?
Allows in and outgroup members interact when they wouldn’t normally
Less intense/ stressful
More opportunities for contact
What were the findings of Kervinen, White, Verrelli and Balcks (15)’s e-contact study in participants with little and high contact with homosexual individuals?
a) It had no effect
b) It had equal effects in those participants with little and high contact
c) It had the most effect on those with low contact
d) It had the most effect on those with high contact
c) It had the most effect on those with low contact
