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Unit 3 Microbio > L28: Malaria > Flashcards

L28: Malaria Flashcards

1
Q

Malaria vector

A

Female anopheles mosquito

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2
Q

2 most common malaria species that account for 95% of cases

A

Plasmodium vivax

Plasmodium falciparum

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3
Q

What stage of malaria does the mosquito transmit to humans via saliva?

A

sporozoites (motile forms) which migrate to the liver

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4
Q

Asexual division of sporozoites in the liver

A

Schizogony cycle

releases Merozoites

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5
Q

What can merozoites released from the liver infect?

A

Other liver cells or RBCs

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6
Q

Merozoite infection of RBCs

A

Erythrocytic cycle

enlarges, differentiates into uninucleate cell called a Ring Trophozoite
OR
Multinucleated form called a schizont

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7
Q

Trophozoites age and develop into

A

Amoeboid trophozoites

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8
Q

What does the mosquito ingest out of human blood?

A

Gametocytes which reproduce to produce sporozoites which then travel to their salivary glands
(gametocytes don’t rupture RBC)

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9
Q

Malaria eats

A

Hemoglobin

this is why sickle cell anemia is protective against P vivax: altered hemoglobin

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10
Q

What do RBC release when they rupture?

A

Pyrogen: changes hypothalmic set point: fever

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

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11
Q

Malaria symptoms

A

Fever
Anemia
Vasodilation causing hypotension
N/V/D, constitutional symptoms

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12
Q

Describe a method of host resistance (besides sickle cell)

A

Don’t express the Duffy antigen (glycoprotein) which is a receptor for P vivax
without it P vivax can’t enter RBC

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13
Q

Malaria reservoir

A

Humans

Simians

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14
Q

What’s gonna make malaria more prevalent

A

Climate change bringing mosquitos to areas where hosts aren’t exposed/no immunity

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15
Q

Play a role in spread of malaria

A

Tolerant carrier

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16
Q

Incubation of P vivax

A

9-15 days

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17
Q

P vivax likes to infect

A

young erythrocytes

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18
Q

How often do fever paroxysm occur with P vivax, and how long do they last?

A

every 48 hours
last 2-5 hours
Chills and shaking last 10-15 mins, with other symptoms

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19
Q

What causes a fever paroxysm?

A

Rupture of RBC schizonts

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20
Q

Does P vivax have relapses?

A

Yes
Due to liver hypnozoites
3-5 years after initial infection

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21
Q

P vivax is most prevalent in ______ and has a reservoir _____

A

Caribbean, Latin America

ONLY humans

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22
Q

Sickle cell anemia offers resistance to

A

P vivax

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23
Q

Enlarged infected RBCs with Schuffner’s dots (surface invaginations and stipling)

A

P vivax

taken from venous blood + Giemsa stain

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24
Q

P vivax aka

A

Benign tertian malaria

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25
Q

P falicparum incubation period

A

8-17 days

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26
Q

P falicparum causes

A

High grade parasitemia: infects many RBC, of any age, and multiplies rapidly. Very high fever

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27
Q

Blackwater fever

A

P falicparum with very high parasite levels

Causes autoimmune destruction of kidney tissue, free hemoglobin in urine (black)

28
Q

Dark to black urine

A 
Blackwater fever (P falicparum)
due to hemoglobin
29
Q

Cereberal malaria

A

P falicparum
occlusion of capillaries with infected RBCs
necrosis, hemorrhages, mania, convulsions, death

30
Q

Gastric falciparum malaria

A

just a bunch of vomiting

31
Q

Algid malaria

A

P falicparum

Skin is cold but internal temperature is high

32
Q

Does P falicparum relapse?

A

NO

no hypnozoite stage

33
Q

Maurer’s clefts

A

P falicparum identification

34
Q

Double or multiple ring stages

A

P falicparum identification

35
Q

Many infected cells with young trophozoites and gametocytes in periphery

A

P falicparum identification

36
Q

Is P falicparum fatal?

A

Left untreated, yes

37
Q

P malariae aka

A

Quartan malaria

38
Q

P falicparum aka

A

Malignant tertian malaria

39
Q

P malariae infects ____ and paroxysms occur ____

A

Older RBCs

Every 4th day

40
Q

Basket and band shaped trophozoites

rosette shaped schizonts

A

P malariae

41
Q

P ovale

A

Similar to vivax
Relapses
West coast Africa

42
Q

P knowlesi

A

Zoonotic
Southeast Asia
High parasite burden can be fatal

43
Q

What’s a target for new chemotherapy against malaria?

A

Duffy antigen antibodies to block P vivax from binding

44
Q

Main method of Malaria drug resistance

A

Efflux pumps

45
Q

Babesia microti causes

A

Babesiosis/Nantucket Island Fever

46
Q

Babesia infects ____ and is prevalent in ____

A

RBCs

New England warm months

47
Q

Babesia vector

A

Deer tick–> coinfection with Lyme disease –> Severe

also blood transfusions

48
Q

Babesiosis symptoms

A

Malaria-like
fever, chills, HA, anemia
No rash, small pinpoint lesions

49
Q

Babsesiosis prognosis

A

asymptomatic to life threatening (10%)

worse: immunocompromised, asplenic, in Europe

50
Q

Maltese cross morphology in RBCs

A

Babesiosis

51
Q

Babesisosis morphology

A

Similar to P falciparum

52
Q

Trypanosoma brucei aka

A

African sleeping sickness

53
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi aka

A

Chagas disease

54
Q

Leishmania

A

Visceral, mucocutaneous, or cutanous Leishmaniasis

55
Q

Trypanosomatids are

A

flagellate protozoa

56
Q

3 trypanosomatoids

A

Leishmania
Trypanosoma brucei
Trypanosoma cruzi

57
Q

Chaga’s disease is prevalent in

A

Mexico, Central and South America

58
Q

Chaga’s disease vector

A 
Triatomine bugs (kissing bugs)
Passes trypanosoma cruzi through:
feces, blood/organ transplant, congenital
59
Q

Can you be immune to Chaga’s disease for life?

A

No, difficult

60
Q

Trypomastigotes

A

what the tiatomine bug passes in feces
differentiate into amastigotes in host, which replicate by binary fission and are released as trypomastigotes into circulation and eaten by bugs

61
Q

Acute Chaga’s disease

A

Asymptomatic, mild
non-specific constitutional symptoms
+/-chagoma
Romaña’s sign

62
Q

Romaña’s sign

A

Acute Chaga’s disease

swelling of eyelid near parasite entry site

63
Q

How do you get Chronic Chaga’s disease?

A

When acute symptoms wane, the organism persists
you can be asymptomatic for years
lifetime risk of complications from Chronic disease: 30%

64
Q

Chronic Chaga’s disease

A

Pseudocysts of amastigotes in cells
Preference: muscle and nerves
Crazy organomegaly, degeneration, lots of problems

65
Q

Blood smear Chaga’s disease

A

Trypomastigotes

66
Q

Biopsy Chaga’s disease

A

Amastigotes

67
Q

Is there a Chaga’s disease vaccine?

A

No

Unit 3 Microbio (13 decks)

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